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polar inorganics used in cathodes for Li-S batteries, polar organics used in binders for Li-S batteries, and the summary and outlook. 2. Polar inorganics used in cathodes for Li-S batteries Polar inorganics used in cathode materials for Li-S batteries can be divided into two categories, additive materials and host materials. These materials shares positive attributes that contribute to enhanced electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries. On the one hand, the polar inorganic materials possess a strong ability to absorb and trap polysulfides, thus avoiding the detachment of lithium polysulfides into the organic electrolyte, which significantly suppresses the shuttle effect. On the other hand, several polar materials in these inorganics are proven to accelerate the transformation process between lithium polysulfide and polysulfide due to their superior reactivity and abundant surface sites. All these features of polar inorganics endow Li-S batteries with improved reversibility, better stability, and longer lifetimes. 2.1 Polar additives materials In early studies, nanosized Mg0.6Ni0.4O, Al2O3, and La2O3 were firstly used as polar additives in carbon/sulfur cathode for the absorption of polysulfides, leading to improved coulombic efficiency and cycling stability.[29-33] The polar metal oxide additives only can absorb a small amount of the polysulfides, however, due to their low surface area and relatively high density. To improve the absorption of the polar metal oxide additives, mesoporous α, β, and γ-TiO2 with different surface areas and pore sizes were investigated by Nazar and coworkers for use in cathodes for Li-S batteries.[34] The sulfur cathode fabricated with mesporous carbon containing less than 4 wt% α-TiO2 as additive demonstrated the highest capacity retention of 82% after 100 cycles. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and Raman spectra of α- TiO2/lithium polysulfide (LiPS) demonstrated the interaction between sulfur and titania (S-Ti- O bond, Figure 1a), which was the first report to prove the chemical interaction between a polar metal oxide and polysulfides. In order to effectively absorb the polysulfides and realize 4PDF Image | Advances in Polar Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
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