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high sulfur loading, a metal oxide additive with higher surface area was introduced into the sulfur/carbon cathode. Mesoporous SiO2 with surface area of 850 m2 g-1 was used as an effective polysulfide reservoir material in CMK-3/sulfur cathodes to improve the discharge capacity and cycling performance of Li-S batteries.[35] 2.2 Polar host materials Apart from additives, polar inorganics with special nanostructures have been considered as sulfur hosts to replace the nonpolar carbon matrix. The nanostructured polar inorganics featuring strong polar metal-nonmetal bonding not only can absorb the polysulfides from the point of view of chemical interactions and physical barriers, but also contribute to the volumetric energy density of the Li-S batteries due to their high intrinsic density. Polar nanostructured inorganics used as host materials for Li-S batteries can be divided into three categories, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and MXene materials (metal carbides or carbonitrides) in this section. 2.2.1 Metal oxide hosts Metal oxides contain oxygen anions in the oxidation state of O2- in polar metal-oxygen bonds, affording abundant polar active sites to absorb the polysulfides. Some typical polar metal oxides (TiO2, MnO2, Ti4O7) will be discussed in this section to demonstrate the potential of metal oxide hosts for Li-S batteries. TiO2 is the most widely investigated polar metal oxide host for Li-S batteries. A sulfur-TiO2 yolk-shell nanostructured cathode material for Li-S batteries was reported by Cui’s group (Figure 1b) in 2013.[36] Unexpectedly high electrochemical performance could be obtained, and the as-designed sulfur cathode delivered an initial capacity of 1030 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C and capacity decay as small as 0.033% per cycle after 1000 cycles (Figure 1c). This yolk-shell design could supply sufficient space for the volume expansion of sulfur. Although the chemical interaction between the polysulfides and the polar TiO2 shell was not directly pointed out in this report, the authors claimed that TiO2 possesses hydrophilic Ti-O groups 5PDF Image | Advances in Polar Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
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