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between polysulfides and MXene phase Ti3C2.[86] Recently, Zhang et al. investigated the crucial role of the conductivity of the polar host in the electrochemical kinetics of Li-S batteries by using conductive TiC as sulfur host.[87] The interfacial electrochemical kinetics are determined by two main factors, illustrated in Figure 6c, which include adequate binding affinity and efficient charge transfer over the liquid-solid boundary during the redox reactions of the adsorbates. As a nonpolar host, carbon is too inert to bind polar polysulfides, leading to low coverage of reactive intermediates. A polar insulator such as TiO2 possesses a strong affinity towards absorbing the polysulfides on the surface, but its low conductivity hinders direct surface conversion on the polar host. Therefore, only polar materials with high conductivity can fully meet the demands for both sufficient surface binding and efficient charge transport, resulting in enhanced electrochemical kinetics. DFT calculation results showed that the binding energies between TiC (100) and Li2S4 and Li2S are -1.89 eV and - 2.75 eV, respectively, which were significantly higher than those on the graphene plane (Figure 6d). Highly conductive TiC was proved to promote the liquid-liquid transformation of polysulfides as well as the liquid-solid nucleation/growth of Li2S, resulting in enhanced electrochemical performance. In summary, the polar inorganics, including metal oxides, metal sulfides, and MXene phase materials, have been proved to strongly anchor the polar polysulfides (Table 1). The polar- polar interaction between polar inorganics and polysulfides plays an important role, and nanostructures also contribute to the improved electrochemical performance. Even so, the role of intrinsic properties and correlation with the electrical conductivity for the polar inorganics is not fully understood. Theoretical calculation and prediction may be an effective strategy to guide the future development of polar inorganics for Li-S batteries. 3. Polar organics used in binder for Li-S batteries Poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) is the conventional binder that is used in Li-S batteries, although it just provides physical adhesion to link the active materials to the current collector. 13PDF Image | Advances in Polar Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
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