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17 b)Aninorganicmaterialselectedfrom:(a)bismuthSelenide orbismuthteluride,(b)transitionmetaldichalcogenideor trichalcogenide,(c)sulfide,selenide,ortelurideofnio bium,Zirconium,molybdenum,hafnium,tantalum,tung sten,titanium,cobalt,manganese,iron,nickel,oratransi tion metal; (d) boron nitride, or (e) sulfur, sulfur compound,lithiumpolysulfide(f)acombinationthereof. Inparticular,TiS,TaS,MoS NbSe non-lithiated MnO,CoO,ironoxide,Vanadiumoxide,oracombina tionthereofmaybeusedasacathodeactivematerialina10 lithiummetalcell. 18 (e.g.,LiNiO)andlithiummanganeseoxide(e.g.,LiMn2O andLiMnO)becausetheseoxidesprovideahighcelvolt age.Lithiumironphosphateisalsopreferedduetoitssafety feature and low cost. Forthepreparationofacathode,thebindermaybechosen frompolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE),polyvinylidenefluo ride(PVDF),ethylene-propylene-dienecopolymer(EPDM), orstyrene-butadienerubber(SBR),forexample.Conductive materialssuchaselectronicalyconductivepolymers,meso phasepitch,coaltarpitch,andpetroleumpitchmayalsobe used.Preferablemixingratiooftheseingredientsmaybe90 to98%byweightfortheparticulates,and2to10%byweight forthebinder.Thecurentcolectormaybeselectedfrom aluminumfoil,stainlesstelfoil,andnickelfoil.Thereisno particularlysignificantrestrictiononthetypeofcurentcol lector,providedthematerialisagoodelectricalconductor andrelativelycorrosionresistant.Theseparatormaybe selectedfromasyntheticresinnonwovenfabric,porouspoly ethylenefilm,porouspolypropylenefilm,orporousPTFE film. Hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT(CN)), 5-Benzylidenehydantoin,Isatinelithiumsalt,Pyromelitic diimidelithiumsalt,tetrahydroxy-p-benzoquinonederiva25 tives(THQLi.),N,N'-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetraketopipera zine(PHP),N,N'-dialyl-2,3,5,6-tetraketopiperazine(AP), N,N'-dipropyl-2,3,5,6-tetraketopiperazine(PRP),athioet herpolymer,aquinonecompound,1,4-benzoquinone,5.7. 12,14-pentacenetetrone(PT),5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-30 dyhydroxy anthraquinone (ADDAQ), 5-amino-1,4- dyhydroxy anthraquinone (ADAQ), calixquinone, LiCO, Li2CO. LiCO, oracombinationthereof. ThethioetherpolymerisselectedfromPolymethane tetryl-tetra(thiomethylene) (PMTTM), Poly(2,4-35 dithiopentanylene)(PDTP),apolymercontainingPoly instantinvention.Mostpreferedarenon-aqueousandpoly mergelelectrolytesalthoughothertypescanbeused.The non-aqueouselectrolytetobeemployedhereinmaybepro ducedbydisolvinganelectrolyticsaltinanon-aqueous Solvent.Anyknownnon-aqueoussolventwhichhasbeen employedasasolventforalithiumsecondarybaterycanbe employed.Anon-aqueoussolventmainlyconsistingofa mixedsolventcomprisingethylenecarbonate(EC)andat leastonekindofnon-aqueoussolventwhosemeltingpointis lowerthanthatofaforementionedethylenecarbonateand whosedonornumberis18orles(hereinafterreferedtoasa secondsolvent)maybepreferablyemployed.Thisnon-aque oussolventisadvantageousinthatitis(a)stableagainsta negativeelectrodecontainingacarbonaceousmaterialwell developedingraphitestructure;(b)efectiveinSuppressing thereductiveoroxidativedecompositionofelectrolyte;and (c)highinconductivity.Anon-aqueouselectrolytesolely composedofethylenecarbonate(EC)isadvantageousinthat itisrelativelystableagainstdecompositionthroughareduc tionbyagraphitizedcarbonaceousmaterial.However,the meltingpointofECisrelativelyhigh,39to40°C.,andthe viscositythereofisrelativelyhigh,sothattheconductivity thereofislow,thusmakingECaloneunsuitedforuseasa secondarybateryelectrolytetobeoperatedatroomtempera tureorlower.Thesecondsolventtobeusedinamixturewith ECfunctionstomaketheviscosityofthesolventmixture lowerthanthatofECalone,therebypromotingtheioncon ductivityofthemixedsolvent.Furthermore,whenthesecond solventhavingadonornumberof18orles(thedonornum berofethylenecarbonateis16.4)isemployed,theaforemen tionedethylenecarbonatecanbeeasilyandselectivelysol vatedwithlithiumion,sothatthereductionreactionofthe secondsolventwiththecarbonaceousmaterialwelldevel opedingraphitizationisassumedtobeSuppressed.Further, when thedonornumberofthesecondsolventiscontrolledto notmorethan18,theoxidativedecompositionpotentialtothe lithiumelectrodecanbeeasilyincreasedto4Vormore,so thatitispossibletomanufacturealithiumsecondarybatery ofhighVoltage. (ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrathiol)(PETT)asamain-chain thioetherpolymers,aside-chainthioetherpolymerhav ingamain-chainconsistingofconjugatingaromatic moieties,andhavingathioethersidechainasapendant,40 Poly(2-phenyl-1,3-dithiolane)(PPDT),Poly(1,4-di(1, 3-dithiolan-2-yl)benzene) (PDDTB), poly(tetrahy drobenzodithiophene)(PTHBDT),poly1,2,4,5-tet rakis(propylthio)benzene (PTKPTB, or poly(3,4 (ethylenedithio)thiophene(PEDTT). Theorganicmaterialmayincludeaphthalocyaninecom poundselectedfromcopperphthalocyanine,Zincphtha locyanine,tinphthalocyanine,ironphthalocyanine,lead phthalocyanine,nickelphthalocyanine,Vanadylphtha locyanine,fluorochromiumphthalocyanine,magne50 siumphthalocyanine,manganousphthalocyanine,dil ithiumphthalocyanine,aluminumphthalocyanine chloride,cadmiumphthalocyanine,chlorogallium phthalocyanine,cobaltphthalocyanine,silverphthalo cyanine,ametal-frephthalocyanine,achemicalderiva55 tivethereof,oracombinationthereof. US9,203,084B2 c)Anorganicmaterialorpolymericmaterialselectedfrom Poly(anthraquinonylsulfide)(PAQS),alithiumoxocar bon, 3.4.9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA),poly(anthraquinonylsulfide),pyrene-4.5,9,1015 tetraone(PYT),polymer-boundPYT,Quino(triazene), redox-activeorganicmaterial,Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ),tetracyanoethylene(TCNE),2,3,6,7,10,11-hex amethoxytriphenylene(HMTP),poly(5-amino-1,4-dyhy droxyanthraquinone)(PADAQ),phosphazenedisulfide polymer((NPS),n),lithiated1.4.5.8-naphthalenetetraol Awiderangeofelectrolytescanbeusedforpracticingthe formaldehydepolymer,Hexaazatrinaphtylene(HATN), 45 Mostpreferably,thecathodeactivematerialisselected fromthegroupconsistingoflithiumcobaltoxide,lithium nickeloxide,lithiummanganeseoxide,lithiumVanadium oxide,lithium-mixedmetaloxide,lithiumironphosphate,60 lithiummanganesephosphate,lithiumVanadiumphosphate, Preferablesecondsolventsaredimethylcarbonate(DMC), lithiummixedmetalphosphates,metalsulfides,andcombi nationsthereof. Thepositiveelectrodeactivematerialmayalsobeselected fromchalcogencompounds,Suchastitaniumdisulfateor65 molybdenumdisulfate.Morepreferedarelithiumcobalt oxide(e.g.,LiCoOwhere0.8sXs1),lithiumnickeloxide methylethylcarbonate(MEC),diethylcarbonate(DEC), ethylpropionate,methylpropionate,propylenecarbonate (PC),gamma.-butyrolactone(gamma.-BL),acetonitrile (AN),ethylacetate(EA),propylformate(PF),methylfor mate(MF),toluene,xyleneandmethylacetate(MA).These secondsolventsmaybeemployedsinglyorinacombinationPDF Image | CATHODE ACTIVE MATERIAL-COATED DISCRETE GRAPHENE SHEETS FOR LITHIUM
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