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Materials 2020, 13, 4712 7 of 23 Figure 5. Schematic shape of Frasch pump (courtesy of USGS [1]). Frasch pump is inserted in the ground containing sulfur deposits. Hot water (165 ◦C) is introduced into mineral strata containing sulfur. Hot water melts sulfur which is pumped to the surface by pressured air. Although about 90% of man-made sources of sulfur were recovered from Frasch mining, especially in sulfur rich countries like the US, Iraq and Mexico, this mining method requires the following conditions [66]: • Huge, porous and rich sulfur deposits. • Impermeable covering rock above the deposit. • Reliable and sufficient water supply. • Cost effective source of fuel required to heat large water quantities needed to melt the sulfur deposit and to provide enough power required for proper functioning of energy-consuming machineries of the process. Geological conditions should be satisfied which mean that the deposits should be either bedded evaporite and salt domes having permeable sulfur (packed in impermeable formations) [67]. Although this process is extensively being used for the recovery of sulfur; however, it is not applicable to small and shallow sulfur deposits. 4. Properties of Sulfur 4.1. Melting/Freezing Point Sulfur has several melting/freezing points that are commonly dependent upon solid allotrope under consideration (melted) which is shown in Table 2. Decrement in freezing point of sulfur occurs naturally due to the dissociation (automatic) of the melt to produce sulfur, using various solid allotropes, having lower freezing point as compared to cyclo-S8 [68]. Hence, a whole mixture has a lower freezing point accordingly. The maximum intensity/concentration of sulfur can be achieved at a known temperature which represents the low freezing point and is known as the natural melting point. The freezing point of sulfur depends on the temperature and pressure of the mixture/melt [13,69,70].PDF Image | Critical Review on the Properties and Applications of Sulfur-Based Concrete
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