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Materials 2020, 13, 4712 10 of 23 Table 3. Colors of various allotropes of sulfur. Allotrope of Sulfur Octasulfur alpha Octasulfur beta Octasulfur gamma Hexasulfur Heptasulfur Anneasulfur Decasulfur Octadecasulfur 4.5. Thermal Conductivity Color Refs Bright yellow Yellow Light yellow Orange to red Light yellow Deep yellow Yellow to green Lemon to yellow [15,76,80–86] Like density and viscosity, thermal properties of sulfur also suffer from discontinuity due to polymerization at Lambda Temperature [69]. There is a linear relation between thermal conductivity and temperature. First, by increasing the temperature, the thermal conductivity of sulfur decreases till it reaches to the phase change from solid (monoclinic) to liquid sulfur; thereafter, after a fall, the thermal conductivity rises by increasing the temperature [90]. Thermal conductivity of sulfur is less than most of the rocks and nearly equal to insulative materials like mica/asbestos. Moreover, thermal conductivity of sulfur (solid/liquid) at respective atmospheric pressure is dependent on temperature [91]. It is concluded that thermal conductivity of solid sulfur is greater than liquid sulfur [91]. 4.6. Strength Sulfur’s strength depends on its thermal history and purity. Two researchers (Dale and Ludwig) comprehensively studied the compressive and tensile strength of sulfur in 1965 [25]. It is reported that the compressive strength of sulfur ranges from 1800 psi to 3300 psi (12.41 MPa to 22.75 MPa) while the tensile strength depends largely on thermal histories, cooling rate and temperature [6,26,92]. For instance, rapid cooling rate and high initial temperature of molten sulfur produces high tensile strength as shown in Figure 8. Additionally, the strength (compressive, flexural and tensile) of sulfur can be enhanced by modifying its properties through the use of some filler (same phenomenon as cement). For instance, a study revealed that using optimum quantity of filler (limestone) between 15–20% can enhance compressive, tensile and flexural strength to 2.5, 5 and 7 times (without using sulfur) respectively [26]. Figure 8. Tensile strength range of sulfur at various temperatures (data extracted from Reference [25]).PDF Image | Critical Review on the Properties and Applications of Sulfur-Based Concrete
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