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Materials 2020, 13, 4712 11 of 23 5. Sulfur in the Concrete Industry Sulfur has been utilized in several industries (like agriculture, petroleum and pharmaceutical industries) and due to the increasing environmental concern of cement production and the depletion material resources for cement ingredients, sulfur has become a valuable binding material as shown in Figure 9 [93]. Additionally, sulfur has also been used to manufacture bitumen which is an essential material to construct roads. sulfur-based concrete can be used to make roadblocks and sidewalks, drainage/sewerage pipes, foundation coverage, railway ties, bridge decks and acid tanks [50,94]. Meanwhile, sulfur asphalt can be used to construct highways, roads and streets. sulfur-based concrete is becoming more popular due to its properties (like higher strength, impermeability, rapid strength development, corrosion resistance and recyclability), which could make it a reliable substitute for cementitious materials. Table 4 shows a detailed comparison of sulfur-based concrete and traditional concrete. Figure 9. New and existing market of sulfur worldwide (data extracted from Reference [36]). Table 4. Comparison of sulfur and cement concrete (↑: High, ↓: Low and =: equivalent) [14,95]. Properties of Concrete Wear resistance Permeability Bond strength to concrete/reinforcing steel Thermal conductivity Elastic modulus Flexural strength Compressive/flexural/tensile strength Fire resistance Durability during thermal cycles Corrosion resistance Fatigue resistance Linear expansion coefficient Compression creep 5.1. Composition and Mixing of Sulfur-based Concrete Sulfur-Based Concrete Compared to Cement Concrete ↑ ↓ ↑ ↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↓ = or ↑ ↑ ↑ = ↓ Sulfur-based concrete uses sulfur as a binder in its molten state [7], which replaces ingredients of conventional concrete like water and cement. Sulfur is heated to make molten sulfur, which is cooled to form hardened concrete [92]. The mixing procedure of sulfur-based concrete is performed differently to conventional concrete. Extra care is provided while mixing sulfur-based concrete due to the following reasons [96]:PDF Image | Critical Review on the Properties and Applications of Sulfur-Based Concrete
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