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Materials 2020, 13, 4712 15 of 23 This analysis is used to identify the mineralogical composition which could possibly form during the hardening period [16,25]. The mineralogical matrix of sulfur-based concrete after one day of batching has major constituents like sulfur and silica while minor components are plagioclase, calcite, hematite, dolomite and hydrate of aluminum oxide [124]. High mechanical strength of sulfur-based concrete is justified by the availability of alumino and calcium alumino silicates in their respective oxides like SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO. 5.3.4. Durability Properties Numerous studies [110,117] have established that the resistance against the acids of sulfur composites in aggressive liquid media depends on the depth of its penetration into the structure of the material. The characteristics of water absorption of sulfuric materials are influenced by a number of factors: the content of sulfur and filler, the type and concentration of modifying additives and so forth. The type and amount of filler and modifying additives also significantly affect the water resistance characteristics of sulfur composites [110,117]. For example, the introduction of paraffin and stearic acid in sulfur composites leads to a slight increase in water resistance and the addition of kerosene, barite and thiokol slightly reduces this figure [49,110]. The resistance of sulfur building materials to acids can also be improved using modifying additives. In particular, in References [88,110,117], it was found that the modification of the sulfur composite with dicyclopentadiene leads to a sharp increase in chemical resistance in salt (0.90–0.98), acid (0.78–0.90) and organic (0.95–0.98) environments. Papers [89,110,117,126,127] proposed to modify the surface of the filler particles with a dressing additive (kerosene solutions of liquid rubbers). The resistance of sulfur-based concrete to various chemical environments and biological agents is given in Table 7, the compositions of which are presented earlier, in Table 6. Table 7. Resistance of sulfur-based concretes. Author Sabour et. al. [124] Gwon et al. [117] Vlahovich et. al. [3] Dehestani et. al. [6] Dugarte et. al. [123] Gracia et. al. [50] Yeoh et. al. [125] Choura et. al. [92] Bae et. al. [88] Anyszka et. al. [119] Lopez et. al. [120] Al-Otaibi et al. [7] Lost Weight, % H2SO4 HCl NaCl SO4(NH4)2 Kerosene 5 1- - - 0- 1 - Thiobacillus Thiooxidans Bacterium 2.25 - - - - - - - - - - - 0 −1 - 0 1 −1 - - 4 - 2 - 3 - 2 - 5 - 4 - 2 - - - - 3 3 1 - - - 3 2 - - - - - 3 1 - - - - 2 - 3 - 1 - 5.3.5. Deformative properties The deformative properties of sulfur-based concrete are taken into account when determining crack resistance and structural rigidity. Deformative characteristics of sulfur-based concrete are given in Table 8 [3,8,11,125]. Some problems arise due to low-temperature creep, which, depending on the formulations and conditions of use of products, may be lower or higher than the creep of ordinary concrete [5]. Since creep is associated primarily with defects in the crystal structure and the presence of extraneous (amorphous) phases, the presence of organic plasticizers in sulfur binder makes a negative contribution to this process [3,110]. Computer simulations of the behavior of plasticized sulfur-based concrete showed that a reduction in creep, along with the greatest possible reduction in the amount of sulfur binder used, can be achieved by compacting the material in a direction towards the progressive hardening front of sulfur, which compensates for shrinkage by the binder movement [10,58]. In other words, the binder must “fill” the contraction of the volume in the transitional state of the system from liquid to solid [11,125]. Sulfur-based concretes have a decaying creep at a level of loading up to 0.5 Rlim.PDF Image | Critical Review on the Properties and Applications of Sulfur-Based Concrete
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