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Polymers 2021, 13, 1071 11 of 20 capacity. Furthermore, Chiang et al. also prepared nanofiber adsorbents from polyacry- lonitrile (PAN) via electrospinning, following by different heat treatments (stabilization, carbonization, and activation) for CO2 adsorption application [145]. They reported an adsorption capacity of 1.2 mmol/g (0.15 atm) and 3.2 mmol/g (1 atm), obtained at 298 K, and explained the high efficiency of the carbon nanofibers by the activation temperatures 4.3. Biotechnological and Medical Fields Today’s medicine progresses greatly and applies more therapeutic solutions based on the field of nanotechnology and nanomaterials. High-performance materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, or carbon nanofibers, have already established their place in developing new implants and medical devices [141]. Due to their properties, high electrical conductivity, unique surface characteristics, and biomimetic shape, these nanomaterials are ideal for constructing implantable electrodes and biosensors. In addition, they can serve as tissue substrates for in vitro and in vivo applications. For this reason, stimulation of an electric field can regulate cell behavior both in vivo and in vitro due to the conductive properties of carbon substrates. Nanofibers resemble the natural structure of cell assembly and can be used in the form of porous mats as membranes for medical reconstruction, substrates for bone and cartilage development in post-traumatic tissues [146,147]. Polymer nanofibers, as well as carbon nanofibers, are promising candidates for diverse medical applications thanks to their physical properties. Due to their conductivity, they can be used as biosensors and electrodes to stimulate the nervous system, as well as for the fabrication of scaffolds for regenerative medicine. As nonwovens, mats, membranes, or other various types of nanocomposites, nanofibers can be used in many biotechnological fields [148–152]. Aoki et al. investigated the application potential of organic nanofibers and electrospun carbon nanofibers for bone regenerative medicine [153]. Previously, the research focus centered on coating nanofiber mates with antibacte- rial substances. The efficacy of silver nanoparticles and the active healing properties of chitosan polymer hydrogels received numerous publications. With the development of electrospinning processes, the research focus increasingly shifted to electrospun nanofibers, which exhibit antimicrobial properties through the addition of nanoparticles [154,155]. Due to their high mechanical strength and good biocompatibility, carbon-based nanofibers offer further areas of application in biomedicine [156–158]. In 2019 Li et al. conducted a study of a superhydrophobic hemostatic material made from a nanocomposite dispersion of a dense network of carbon nanofibers and polytetraflu- oroethylene (PTFE) or poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on support [159]. This nanofiber material has been used for its particular and distinctive way of blood coagulation, which allows rapid blood coagulation due to the presence of microfibers and reduces subsequent blood loss, regardless of the pressure applied, due to its superhydrophobic characteristics. In tissue engineering for regeneration or organ reconstitution, cells are designed to attach, proliferate, multiply and regenerate multiple organs, such as skin, bone, cartilage, muscle, tendons, heart, nerves, and blood vessels. These strategies depend on appropri- ate biochemical and physicochemical properties and molecular influences or control of cellular behavior [160]. Carbon nanofibers are potential candidates for tissue engineering applications because they have suitable physical, structural, mechanical, and biological properties [161–163]. In addition, carbon nanofibers have exceptional mechanical proper- ties, conductivity, and excellent cytocompatibility properties, as well as osteoblast adhesion, which are suitable for neural and bone tissue engineering applications. In terms of carbon nanofiber adhesion and proliferation, they show the interaction of astrocytes like glial scar tissue-forming cells. These functions of astrocytes make them able to minimize nanoscale fibers and scar tissue formation, reduce the glial scar tissue formation and show positive interaction with neurons, which would be a great support for neural implants [164–166]. Recent research indicates that carbon-based nanomaterials are potential candidates for biomedical applications, including drug delivery, repair and regeneration of various tissues, including nerves, muscles, bones, and for imaging [167–169]. Stocco et al. havePDF Image | Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers from Biomass and Biomass Blends
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