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252 X. Wang and B. Li 10.2.1 Ionic Liquids (ILs) ILs are low-melting salts that are attractive for a number of applications as they are relatively nonvolatile, nonflammable, environmentally benign, and exceptionally thermally stable [18]. In addition, there are numerous combinations of cations and anions that can be used to produce ILs, and thus chemical and physical properties of ILs can be tuned, which is needed to design an energy-efficient liquid absorbent for CO2 capture. The mechanism for CO2 capture in ILs is often based on physisorption and involves a weak association between the IL and CO2 molecules [19]. Once the CO2 has been removed from the gas mixture, it can be released from the ILs (which would be reused) by either a decrease in pressure or an increase in temperature [18]. While the viscosity of ILs minimizes solvent loss from the gas stream, this attribute also limits mass transfers, and they often suffer from low rates of absorption. To overcome these shortcomings and increase the capacity of simple ILs, amine- functionalized ILs have been developed, which allow higher rates of sorption to be achieved at pressures relevant to flue streams [19, 20]. A number of reports have also demonstrated high CO2/N2 selectivity in polymerized ILs, which exhibit enhanced CO2 solubility relative to the monomeric ILs [21]. 10.2.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) MOFs are novel materials constructed by coordinate bonds between multidentate ligands and metal atoms or small metal-containing clusters [4], which have recently attracted intense research interest because of their permanent porous structures, large surface areas, and potential applications as novel adsorbents [22]. Most of the MOF materials have three-dimensional (3D) structures with uniform pores and a network of channels. The integrity of these pores and channels can be retained after careful removal of the guest species. The remaining voids within the 3D structures can then adsorb other guest molecules. Several reviews have summarized the research efforts in gas adsorption applications for MOFs, such as hydrogen and methane storage, and CO2 capture [4, 19]. Recently, Liu and co-workers contributed a review on the progress and challenges in using MOFs for adsorption-based CO2 capture including both experimental and simulation studies [4]. 10.2.3 Membranes A gas separation membrane typically consists of multiple layers with different functions. A dense ultrathin selective layer (100 nm in thickness) performs the molecular separation, while a microporous support structure provides mechani- cal strength and minimal transport resistance [23]. The constituent materials ofPDF Image | Electrospun Nanofibrous Sorbents
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