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oftheinventivemethodtomore efectivelypackactive60 material particles in the pores of the foamed current collec tor. Quitenoteworthyandunexpectedistheobservationthat Example17:AchievableElectrodeDiameteror ThicknesanditsEfectonElectrochemical PerformanceofLithium-SulfurBateryCels US 9,905,856 B1 39 particularlyunderhighcharge/dischargerateconditions), typicalystore150-250Wh/kgbasedonthetotalcelweight andthesurprisingabilityoftheinventivemethodtomore and50-650Wh/Lpercelvolume).Furthermore,forsulfur efectivelypackactivematerialparticlesintheporesofthe cathodeactivematerial-basedlithiumbateries,avolumetric foamedcurentcolector. energydensityof1,185Wh/L,agravimetricpowerdensity FIG.6showstheRagoneplots(bothgravimetricand 5 of2,450W/kgandvolumetricpowerdensityof4,423W/L volumetricpowerdensityvs.gravimetricandvolumetric wouldhavebenun-thinkable. energy density)oftwo cels,both containing graphene Itisofsignificancetopointoutthatreportingtheenergy embracedNananoparticlesastheanodeactivematerialand andpowerdensitiesperweightofactivematerialaloneon Simpregnatedinporesofgraphenefoamasthecathode aRagoneplot,asdidbymanyresearchers,maynotgivea activematerial.Theexperimentaldatawereobtainedfrom 10realisticpictureoftheperformanceoftheasembledbatery thebaterycelsthatwerepreparedbythepresentlyinvented cel.Theweightsofotherdevicecomponentsalsomustbe methodintoacableconfigurationandthosebytheconven takenintoacount.Theseoverheadcomponents,including tionalslurycoatingofelectrodes. curentcolectors,electrolyte,separator,binder,conectors, Thesedataindicatethatboththegravimetricandvolu andpackaging,arenon-activematerialsanddonotcontrib metricenergydensitiesandpowerdensitiesofthebattery 15utetothechargestorageamounts.Theyonlyaddweights celspreparedbythepresentlyinventedmethodaresignifi- andvolumestothedevice.Hence,itisdesirabletoreduce cantlyhigherthanthoseoftheircounterpartspreparedvia therelativeproportionofoverheadcomponentweightsand theconventionalmethod.Thediferencesarehuge.The increasetheactivematerialproportion.However,ithasnot conventionalymadecelsexhibitagravimetricenergy beenposibletoachievethisobjectiveusingconventional densityof215Wh/kgandvolumetricenergydensityof323 20bateryproductionprocesses.Thepresentinventionover Wh/L,butthepresentlyinventedcable-shapedcelsdeliver comesthislong-standing,mostseriousproblemintheartof 338Wh/kgand575Wh/L,respectively.Thecel-level lithiumbateries. volumetric energy density of575 Wh/Lhasneverben Incommerciallithium-ionbaterieshavingan electrode previouslyachievedwithanyrechargeablesodiumbateries. thicknesof150um,theweightproportionoftheanode Thepowerdensitiesashighas1434W/kgand2,580W/L 25activematerial(e.g.graphiteorcarbon)inalithium-ion arealsounprecedentedfortypicalyhigher-energylithium- bateryistypicalyfrom12%to17%,andthatofthecathode ionbateries,letaloneforsodium-ionbateries. activematerial(forinorganicmaterial,suchasLiMn204) Theseenergydensityandpowerdensitydiferencesare from2%to41%,orfrom10%to15%fororganicor mainlyduetothehighactivematerialmassloading(>25 polymeric.ThecorespondingweightfractionsinNa-ion mg/cm2intheanodeand >30mg/cm2inthecathode)30bateriesareexpectedtobeverysimilarsinceboththeanode asociatedwiththepresentlyinventedcels,reducedpro- activematerialsandcathodeactivematerialshavesimilar portionofoverhead(non-active)componentsrelativetothe physicaldensitiesbetweentwotypesofbateriesandthe activematerialweight/volume,noneedtohaveabinder ratioofcathodespecificcapacitytotheanodespecific resin,theabilityoftheinventivemethodtobeterutilizethe capacityisalsosimilar.Hence,afactorof3to4maybeused activematerialparticles(alparticlesbeingacesibleto35toextrapolatetheenergyorpowerdensitiesofthedevice liquidelectrolyteandfastionandelectronkinetics),andto (cel)fromthepropertiesbasedontheactivematerialweight moreefectivelypackactivematerialparticlesinthepores alone.Inmostofthescientificpapers,theproperties ofthefoamedcurentcolectors. reportedaretypicalybasedontheactivematerialweight ShowninFIG.7areRagoneplotsofLi–Sbateries aloneandtheelectrodesaretypicalyverythin<<10um containingalithium foilastheanodeactivematerial,S40andmostly<<50um).Theactivematerialweightistypi impregnatedingraphitefoamasthecathodeactivematerial, calyfrom5%to10%ofthetotaldeviceweight,which andlithiumsalt(LiaPF)-PC/DECasorganicliquidelec- impliesthattheactualcel(device)energyorpowerdensi trolyte.Thedataareforbothlithiummetalcelspreparedby tiesmaybeobtainedbydividingthecorespondingactive thepresentlyinventedmethod(cable-shapedcels)andthose materialweight-basedvaluesbyafactorof10to20.After bytheconventionalslurycoatingofelectrodes.Thesedata 45thisfactoristakenintoaccount,thepropertiesreportedin indicatethatboththegravimetricandvolumetricenergy thesepapersdonotrealylokanybeterthanthoseof densitiesandpowerdensitiesofthesodiummetalcels commercialbateries.Thus,onemustbeverycarefulwhen preparedbythepresentlyinventedmethodaresignificantly itcomestoreadandinterprettheperformancedataof higherthanthoseoftheircounterpartspreparedviathe bateriesreportedinthescientificpapersandpatentappli conventionalmethod.Again,thediferencesarehugeand 50 cations. arelikelyduetothesignificantlyhigheractivematerialmass FIG.8showstheRagoneplotofaseriesofLiion-Scels loadingasociatedwiththepresentlyinventedcels,reduced (graphene-wrappedSinanoparticles,orpre-lithiatedSi proportionofoverhead(non-active)componentsrelativeto nanoparticles)preparedbytheconventionalslurycoating theactivematerialweight/volume,noneedtohaveabinder processandtheRagoneplotofcorrespondingcelsprepared resin,surprisinglybeterutilizationoftheelectrodeactive 5bythepresentlyinventedproces.Thesedataagaindem material(most,ifnotal,oftheactivematerialcontributing onstratetheefectivenesofthepresentlyinventedprocess tothelithiumionstoragecapacity;nodrypocketsor inimpartingunexpectedlyhighenergydensities,bothgra inefectivespotsintheelectrode,particularlyunderhigh vimetricandvolumetric,totheLi–Sbaterycels. charge/dischargerateconditions),andthesurprisingability thecel-levelgravimetricenergydensityofthepresently Onemightbetemptedtothinktheelectrodethicknesof inventedLi Scelisashighas643Wh/kg,higherthan65analkalimetal-sulfurbateryisadesignparameterthatcan thoseofalrechargeablelithiummetalorlithium-ionbat- befrelyadjustedforoptimizationofdeviceperformance. terieseverreported(recalthatcurrentLi-ionbateries Contrarytothisperception,inreality,theelectrodethickness 40PDF Image | FLEXIBLE AND SHAPE-CONFORMAL ROPE-SHAPE ALKALI METAL-SULFUR BATTERIES
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