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S. Zeng et al. / Carbon 122 (2017) 106e113 111 Fig. 4. (a) Schematic illustration of the Li-S battery in the present study. (b) CV curves of the cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80 cathode at 0.1 mV s1. (c) EIS curves of cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80 and S/C cathodes. (d) Rate capacity of the cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80 cathode at various current densities from 0.1 C to 5 C. (e) The discharge-charge profiles of the cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80 cathode after various cycles at 0.5 C. (f) Cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of different cathodes at 0.5 C. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed online.) Fig. 5. Long-term cycling performance of cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80 and S&TTCA@rGO-80 cathodes at 1 C. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed online.) (red curve). After thoroughly washing with CS2 to remove the uncrosslinked sulfur (S8), the total content of S element was deter- mined to be ca. 67.0 wt.% (black curve), which corroborate that about 82.7 wt.% of the feeding sulfur (S8) has been covalently bonded with TTCA to form crosslinked sulfur-rich polymers in cp(S-TTCA)@rGO- 80 composite, which is consistent with the result of TGA measure- ment in Fig. 2a. Also, on basis of the XPS survey spectra (Fig. 7bec), the total sulfur content of both cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80/C and S/C electrodes before and after long-term cycling (500 cycles at 1C for cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80/C electrode, 300 cycles at 0.5 C for S/C elec- trode) were determined. As summarized in the histograms in Fig. 7d, the total sulfur content in cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80/C electrode was 67.5 wt.% before cycling, while it decreased to 49.2 wt.% after cycling, that is about 72.8% of the feeding sulfur (S8) in synthesis remain bonding with TTCA, corresponding to about 8% loss of the cross- linked sulfur after 500 cycles at 1C. In contrast, the S/C electrode Fig. 6. (a) FTIR spectra of cp(S-TTCA)@rGO before and after 500 discharge-charge cycles at 1C. (b) Raman spectra of pristine TTCA@rGO, and cp (S-TTCA)@rGO before and after 500 discharge-charge cycles at 1C. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed online.)PDF Image | Graphene-supported highly crosslinked organosulfur nanoparticles as cathode materials
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