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112 S. Zeng et al. / Carbon 122 (2017) 106e113 Fig. 7. (a) XPS survey spectra of pristine cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80 sample before and after washing with CS2. (b) XPS survey spectra of cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80/C electrode before discharge- charge cycling and the cp(S-TTCA)@rGO-80/C electrode washed with CS2 after 500 discharge-charge cycles at 1 C. (c) XPS survey spectra of S/C electrode before discharge-charge cycling and the S/C electrode measured after 500 discharge-charge cycles at 0.5 C without washing with CS2. (d) Histograms of the sulfur element contents for samples shown in panels aec. (A colour version of this figure can be viewed online.) showed a decrease from 50.3 wt.% for the electrode before cycling to 20.0 wt.% for that after cycling, corresponding to ca. 60% loss of sulfur even after only 300 cycles at 0.5 C. these observations unambigu- ously show that most of the bonds between sulfur and TTCA are robust to survive after long-term discharge-charge cycling and the significant positive effects of combining both chemical and physical confinements on the performance of Li-S battery. 4. Conclusion In conclusion, sulfur was copolymerized with TTCA to form highly crosslinked particles on the rGO surface via ring-opening radical polymerization at 170 C. After polymerization, sulfur was encapsulated into the polymer matrix forming nanoscale crystal- lites, which helped increase the electrical conductivity and utili- zation of sulfur. The resulting rate performance was also markedly enhanced with a high discharge capacity of 1341 mAh g1 at 0.1 C 1 Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 21528301 and 51402111), Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (2014ZT05N200), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SCUT Grant No. 2153860). Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.06.036. References [1] H.-S. Kang, Y.-K. Sun, Freestanding bilayer carbon-sulfur cathode with func- tion of entrapping polysulfide for high performance Li-S batteries, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 (8) (2016) 1225e1232. [2] M.-A. Pope, I.-A. Aksay, Structural design of cathodes for Li-S batteries, Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (2015), 1500124, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500124. [3] X. Gu, C.-J. Tong, C. Lai, J. Qiu, X. Huang, W. Yang, et al., A porous nitrogen and phosphorous dual doped graphene blocking layer for high performance Li-S batteries, J. Mater Chem. A 3 (2015) 16670e16678. [4] W.-J. Chung, J.-J. Griebel, E.-T. Kim, H. Yoon, A.-G. Simmonds, H.-J. Ji, et al., The use of elemental sulfur as an alternative feedstock for polymeric materials, Nat. Chem. 5 (6) (2013) 518e524. [5] J. Song, M.-L. Gordin, T. Xu, S. Chen, Z. Yu, H. Sohn, et al., Strong lithium polysulfide chemisorption on electroactive sites of nitrogen-doped carbon composites for high-performance lithium-sulfur battery cathodes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54 (2015) 4325e4329. [6] H.Wang,W.Zhang,H.Liu,Z.Guo,Astrategyforconfigurationofanintegrated flexible sulfur cathode for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries, Angew. and 645 mAh g of chemical bonds between sulfur and TTCA in the cp(S-TTCA)/rGO hybrids, the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfides were sub- stantially reduced, leading to a specific capacity of 671 mAh g1 at 1 C with a retention of 81.72% after 500 deep charge-discharge cycles and a decay rate of only 0.0404% per cycle. These results highlight the significance of chemical confinement of sulfur in enhancing the cathode performance of Li-S batteries, which may be exploited as a fundamental basis for the rational design and engi- neering of efficient, stable polymer cathodes for high performance Li-S batteries. at 5 C. Because of the formation of a large numberPDF Image | Graphene-supported highly crosslinked organosulfur nanoparticles as cathode materials
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