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x Preface resources according to their various sources and focuses particularly on the more critical heavy lanthanides (Gd–Lu). With Chapter 280, the reader is transported into the select world of the- oretical physics. While we are familiar with first-order phase transitions such as liquid to gas (e.g., water evaporation) or liquid to solid (e.g., water freezing) that are characterized by a discontinuous change in the material’s properties and by the release or absorption of heat, second-order transitions such as ferromagnetic transitions are subtler because they are continuous, but they still feature discontinuity in the second derivative of the free energy. These transitions can be rationalized within the frame of well- established theories. When a second-order transition is thought to occur at zero temperature under the effect of pressure, magnetic field, or particle density, many unconventional properties develop around what is called a quantum critical point. The corresponding theories are challenging, and the authors discuss in detail the concept of quantum criticality in f-electron-based materials as well as successes and failures of existing the- ories such as the Hertz–Millis theory. The final chapter (Chapter 281) deals with temperature measurements. Temperature is an important thermodynamic parameter which is central to many chemical and biochemical processes. In particular, the delicate equilibrium prevailing in living cell critically depends on temperature. Measuring temperature is also vital in totally different fields, such as microelectronics or materials testing, for instance. While macroscopic determination of this parameter seems to be rather simple, for instance with thermistors or thermocouples, moving to microscopic or nanoscopic scale is much more intricate. The size of the corresponding sensors must be reduced to molecular dimensions, and remote detection can no more rely on wire connections. Luminescence intensity is very often temperature dependent so that it offers a welcome possibility of designing noninvasive temperature micro- and nanosensors. The review concentrates on lanthanide sensors and describes how to optimize the thermal response of lanthanide-based luminescent thermometers, in particular the ratiometric single- and dual- center devices. CHAPTER 278: RARE EARTH-DOPED PHOSPHORS FOR WHITE LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES M. Sato*, S.W. Kim†, Y. Shimomura{, T. Hasegawa†, K. Toda†, and G. Adachi§ *Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan. E-mail: msato@eng.niigata-u.ac.jp †Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan {Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan §Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, JapanPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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