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Preface xv Luminescent ratiometric thermometers combining high spatial and tem- poral resolution at the micro- and nanoscale, where the conventional meth- ods are ineffective, have emerged over the last decade as an effervescent field of research, essentially motivated by potential applications in nanotech- nology, photonics, and biosciences. Applications of nanothermometry are developing in microelectronics, microoptics, photonics, micro- and nanoflui- dics, nanomedicine, and in many other conceivable fields, such as thermally induced drug release, phonon-, plasmonic-, magnetic-induced hyperthermia, and wherever exothermal chemical or enzymatic reactions occur at submi- cron scale. Among suitable luminescent thermal probes, trivalent lanthanide-based materials play a central role due to their unique thermo- metric response and intriguing emission features such as high quantum yield, narrow bandwidth, long-lived emission, large ligand-induced Stokes shifts, and ligand-dependent luminescence sensitization. The chapter offers a general overview of recent examples of single- and dual-center lanthanide-based thermometers, emphasizing those working at nanometric scale. Important focus is given to how to quantify their perfor- mance according to the relevant parameters: relative sensitivity, experimental uncertainty on temperature, spatial and temporal resolution, repeatability (or test–retest reliability), and reproducibility. The emission mechanisms supporting single- and dual-center emissions are reviewed, together with the advantages and limitations of each approach. Illustrative examples of the rich variety of systems designed and developed to sense temperature are provided and explored: crystals of ionic complexes, molecular thermometers,PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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