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Chapter 279 REE Mineralogy and Resources M. Hoshino*,1, K. Sanematsu* and Y. Watanabe† *Mineral Resource Research Group, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan †Akita University, Mining Museum of Akita University, Akita, Japan 1Corresponding author: e-mail: hoshino-m@aist.go.jp Chapter Outline 1 Introduction 1.1 Rare Earth Elements 1.2 Applications and Mining History of REEs 1.3 Present Situation of REE Supply and Demand 1.4 What Will be the Next Source of REEs? 2 Geochemistry of REEs 2.1 Mineral–Melt Partition Coefficients of REEs 2.2 Concentration of REEs in the Earth 2.3 Rare Earth Partitioning to Melts 2.4 Magmatic Crystallization and REE Enrichment 2.5 Partitioning to Fluids 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rare Earth Elements 129 2.6 Transportation and Deposition 129 of REEs in Submarine Hydrothermal System 161 132 2.7 Weathering 165 3 Rare Earth Mineralogy 167 135 3.1 135 136 3.2 136 Variation of REE Minerals Associated with Their Crystal Chemistry 167 Variation of REE Minerals Associated with the Evolution of Earth 179 4 Introduction to REE Deposits 187 138 4.1 Classification of REE Deposits 187 4.2 Ion-Adsorption Type Deposits 203 143 4.3 Introduction to Apatite REE Deposit 228 153 5 Summary 264 156 Acknowledgments 264 References 265 Rare earth elements (REEs) represent the group of 17 elements comprising 15 lanthanides, plus yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc) (Table 1). Among the REEs, yttrium was discovered first in 1794 by a Finish chemist, Johan Gadolin who isolated an oxide and called it “yttria,” in a mineral collected from a quarry near the village of Ytterby in Sweden. It turned out to be a Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.hpcre.2016.03.006 © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 129PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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