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130 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths TABLE 1 Names and Symbols of the Rare Earth Elements Atomic Ionic Radii (A ̊ ) Number Symbol Name (Coordination VIII) 21 Sc Scandium Sc3+: 0.87 39 Y Yttrium Y3+: 1.02 57 La Lanthanum La3+: 1.16 58 Ce Cerium Ce3+: 1.14, Ce4+: 0.87 59 Pr Praseodymium Pr3+: 1.13 60 Nd Neodymium Nd3+: 1.11 61 Pm Promethium 62 Sm Samarium Sm3+: 1.08 63 Eu Europium Eu2+: 1.25, Eu3+: 1.07 64 Gd Gadolinium Gd3+: 1.05 65 Tb Terbium Tb3+: 1.04 66 Dy Dysprosium Dy3+: 1.03 67 Ho Holmium Ho3+: 1.02 68 Er Erbium Er3+: 1.00 69 Tm Thulium Tm3+: 0.99 70 Yb Ytterbium Yb3+: 0.99 71 Lu Lutetium Lu3+: 0.98 Data source for ionic radii (Shannon, R.D., 1976. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallogr. A32, 751–767). mixture of several oxides of rare earths, including yttrium oxide. The first individual REE to be isolated was cerium (J€ons Jacob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, 1803). Most other REEs were isolated individually in the 19th cen- tury, and the last naturally occurring one—Lu—was isolated in 1907. It took over 150 years from to first REE to the final discovery of promethium in 1947. Because promethium is a radioactive element, formed from decays of unstable isotopes of europium and uranium, with the longest half-life of 17.7 years for 145Pm, the element does not occur in the Earth’s crust in detect- able concentrations. For this reason, promethium is excluded from the consid- eration in this review. REEs never occur individually but collectively they are found in various minerals in the Earth’s crust. This is a natural verification that these elementsPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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