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REE Mineralogy and Resources Chapter 279 133 TABLE 2 Major Application of Rare Earth Elements in the Industry Property Product Element Development Widespread Application Yttrium- stabilized zirconia Y 1897 1984 Ceramic knife Lighter flint Ce 1903 1975 Disposable lighter Metallurgy La, Ce 1927 1970 Desulfurization of steel Polishing Ce 1943 1970s Mechanical polishing 1990s Chemical mechanical polishing FCC catalyst Ce 1955 1970 Petroleum refining Phosphors Y, Eu 1964 Late 1960s Color television SmCo5 magnet Sm 1965 1970s Motor, speaker Hydrogen La 1968 1997 Nickel–metal hydride absorbing alloy battery in hybrid vehicles Sm2Co17 magnet Sm 1975 1970s Motor, speaker NdFeB magnet Nd, Dy, Tb 1983 1980s Computer, magnetic resonance imaging 1990s Voice coil motor, factory automation machinery 2000s Automobile, wind turbine SmFeN magnet Sm 1990 2000s Motor, computer monazite in the production of the REEs due to its much lower thorium content (Fig. 1). Between 1965 and 1985, most of the world’s REEs came from bastnäsite found in the Mountain Pass carbonatite deposit, United States. The increased REE production from bastnäsite lowered REE prices signifi- cantly and promoted a variety of modern applications of REEs (Table 2). The REEs have been applied in various fields such as fluid catalytic crack- ing (FCC) catalysts for petroleum refining, high-index and colored glasses, desulfurizers in steel production, and polishing materials for glass products and electrical components. Cerium and lanthanum are the elements that are mainly used for these applications. Some other elements such as europium, yttrium, and terbium were used to produce phosphors for fluorescent and cathode ray tubes, and samarium for SmCo magnets (Table 2).PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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