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136 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths 3000 600 550 2500 500 450 2000 400 350 1500 300 250 1000 200 150 500 100 50 00 FIG. 2 Prices of dysprosium, cerium, and neodymium oxides outside China from 2009 to 2013. Data source is Metal-Pages. outside of China. Bastnäsite from carbonatite deposits remains the dominant source of LREEs. Exploration has been extended worldwide to secure the sup- ply of REEs, especially the heavy ones. In recent years, various attempts are made to produce HREEs from unconventional sources, such as peralkaline igne- ous rocks, which have not been regarded as a REE source except the Lovozero deposit in Kola Peninsula, Russia, where LREEs have been produced from loparite as a by-product of niobium (Lippmaa et al., 2006). Therefore, this paper reviews the potential sources of REEs, especially HREEs (ion-adsorption types and apatite deposits), which are regarded as the most critical group of elements for the future green technologies (European Commission, 2010; U.S. Department of Energy, 2011). 2 GEOCHEMISTRY OF REEs 2.1 Mineral–Melt Partition Coefficients of REEs The behavior of REEs is heavily dependent on the partitioning of REEs between immiscible melts, between minerals and melts, between melts and fluids, and between minerals and fluids. This partitioning is determined by the partitioning coefficients (D), represented as Dab 1⁄4 Ca=Cb iii Dy Nd Ce Ce 2009.09 2010.01 2010.05 2010.09 2011.01 2011.05 2011.09 2012.01 2012.05 2012.09 2013.01 2013.05 Dioxide (99%) ($/kg) Ce, Nd oxides (99%) ($/kg)PDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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