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HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS

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HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS ( handbook-onphysics-and-chemistry-rare-earths )

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160 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths 100% Na O 2 KO 2 HO 2 CO 2 CaO Cl REE (except Y) FeO total TiO 2 Ba MgO Sr Pb Cu F MnO Rb Th Y Cs U Nb 10% 1% 1000 ppm 100 ppm 10 ppm 0.1 ppm 1 ppm 10 ppm 100 ppm 1000 ppm 1% 10% 100% FIG. 16 Comparison between the compositions of the trapped carbonatitic fluid and the Kalkfed carbonatite. The squares show the measurement error margins. Elements below the dividing line are refractory and were retained in the Kalkfed carbonatite. After Bu€hn, B., Rankin, A.H., 1999. Composition of natural, volatile-rich Na-Ca-REE-Sr carbonatitic fluids trapped in fluid inclu- sions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 3781–3797. AB −2 200 ppm 1 ppm 0 −2 −4 −6 −8 −10 −12 −14 400 C NdF2+ NdCl2+ Nd3+ 200 ppm 1 ppm 1 ppb −3 −4 −5 −6 −7 Ndtotal NdCl2+ NdCl + 2 NdF2+ Nd3+ 2 4 6 8 10 pH NdCl + 2 −8 FIG. 17 Concentration of aqueous Nd species (log molality), as a function of pH at 400°C (A) and as a function of temperature at pH 3 (B). The fluid contained 10 wt.% NaCl, 500 ppm fluo- rite, and 200 ppm Nd. After Williams-Jones, A.E., Migdisov, A.A., Samson, I.M., 2012. Hydrothermal mobilisation of the rare earth elements: a tale of “ceria” and “yttria”. Elements 8, 355–360. species for pH values above 3 and that NdCl2+ becomes important at this pH at higher temperature (Fig. 17B). At 400°C, NdCl2+ is the dominant species for pH values below 7 (Fig. 17A). This estimation indicates that rare earth chloride minerals are relatively soluble at higher temperatures, but REE fluor- ides are extremely insoluble even at high temperature. This means that the amount of REEs that can be transported as fluoride complexes is limited. −9 1 ppb 200 250 300 350 400 T (°C) Log m Log m

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