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HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS

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HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS ( handbook-onphysics-and-chemistry-rare-earths )

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FIG. 19 Xenotime ore (dark brownish crystals) from Nechalacho alkaline deposit, Canada. Various, China (ion-adsorption clays) 20% Kola Peninsula, Russia (loparite and eudialyte) 1%, alkaline rock Indian Rare Earths, India, (monazite and xenotime) 1%, Placer REE Mineralogy and Resources Chapter 279 173 Mt Weld, Australia (monazite) 1% Carbonatite Mountain Pass, USA (bastnaesite) 3% Carbonatite Sinchuan, China (Bastnaesite) 8% Carbonatite LREE HREE HREE LREE LREE LREE Baotou and others, China: 66% (monazite and bastnaesite) Carbonatite FIG. 20 Production of REEs by operation, country, and ore type, 2014. Modified Roskill Informa- tion Services Ltd., 2015. Rare Earths: Market Outlook to 2020, 15th ed. Roskill, London, 1–337. minerals display variable degrees of solid solubility among one another depending on temperature, pressure, and chemical composition of magma and hydrothermal fluid. A fifty percent rule has been adopted for naming the minerals including solid solutions following recommendations by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names (CNMMN) of the Interna- tional Mineralogical Association. Take olivine as an example, even though it is not a REE mineral: olivine consists of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4); if Mg and Fe are mixed in a certain olivine and iron content is over 50%, the mineral is identified as fayalite (Nickel, 1992).

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