HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS

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HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS ( handbook-onphysics-and-chemistry-rare-earths )

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REE Mineralogy and Resources Chapter 279 177 FIG. 22 PXRD patterns of three zircon samples from granitic pegmatites (Naegi, Ohro, and Saigon) representing the 2y ranges characteristic of radiation damage, from well crystallized to fully amorphous states. (A) Profiles of (200) peak. (B) Profiles of (112) peak. (C) Profiles of (312) peak. After Hoshino, M., Watanabe, Y., Sanematsu, K., Kon, Y., Shimizu, M., 2012a. Characteristics of zircon suitable for REE extraction. Int. J. Miner. Process. 102–103, 130–135. 3.1.2 ABO4 Minerals with Monazite Structure Monazite occurs as accessory minerals in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimen- tary rocks. In addition, monazite is found throughout the world in placer depos- its, beach sands, and is also a component of the ores of the Bayan Obo deposit (Table 6 and Fig. 20). Monazite is a phosphate mineral containing approxi- mately 70% REE oxides. According to dominant REE contents, monazite is divided into monazite-(Ce), monazite-(La), monazite-(Nd), and monazite- (Sm), and the first type is most common in nature. Monazite is isostructural with huttonite (ThSiO4), cheralite (CaTh(PO4)2), gasparite, and roosevelite (Table 7) and displays variable degrees of solid solution among the endmem- bers (F€orster, 2006). Thus, natural monazite often contains thorium (Th) and arsenic (As) as major elements (Hoshino et al., 2012b; Ondrejka et al., 2007). Monazite includes 1–28 wt.% ThO2 and smaller concentrations of UO2 (0–6.5 wt.%) (Table 6; F€orster, 1998; Zhu and O’Nions, 1999a). The high Th

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