HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS

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HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS ( handbook-onphysics-and-chemistry-rare-earths )

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178 Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths FIG. 23 Plots of monazite from igneous and metamorphic rock illustrating chemical exchanges. (A) (Th+U) vs Si+Ca. (B) (Th+U) vs Si (huttonite exchange). (C) (Th+U) vs Ca (cheralite exchange) (Zhu and O’Nions, 1999b). From Hoshino, M., Watanabe, Y., Ishihara, S., 2012b. Crystal chemistry of monazite from the granitic rocks of Japan: petrogenetic implications. Can. Mineral. 50, 1331–1346. content in monazite, a serious obstacle for development of REE deposits, is preferentially incorporated by huttonite REE3+ + P5+ $ (Th, U)4+ + Si4+ or by cheralite substitution 2REE3+ $ (Th, U)4+ + Ca2+. Fig. 23 shows plots of Th+U, Ca, and Si for igneous and metamorphic monazite to illustrate the exchange vectors. Fig. 23A shows a correlation between Th + U vs Si + Ca, indi- cating that nearly all of the Th + U can be accommodated by huttonite and cher- alite substitutions. Fig. 23B and C show that the cheralite exchange dominates in metamorphic monazite (Franz et al., 1996; Janots et al., 2006; Petr ́ık and Konecˇny ́, 2009; Zhu and O’Nions, 1999a,b), while the huttonite exchange is more common in igneous monazite (Broska et al., 2000; Hoshino et al., 2012b; Zhu and O’Nions, 1999b). In contrast, ThO2 content of hydrothermal monazite ( 1.5 wt.%; eg, Schandl and Gorton, 2004; Sheard et al., 2012) is much lower than that of igneous and metamorphic monazite (1.5–28 wt.%)

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