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REE Mineralogy and Resources Chapter 279 181 TABLE 9 Three Eras and Ten Stages of Earth’s Mineral Evolution Cumulative Era/Stage of Mineral Evolution Age (Ga) No. of Species Prenebular “Ur-Minerals” >4.6 12 Era of planetary accretion (>4.55 Ga) (1) Primary chondrite minerals >4.56 60 (2) Achondrite and planetesimal alteration >4.56–4.55 250 Era of crust and mantle reworking (4.55–2.5 Ga) (3) Igneous rock evolution 4.55–4.0 350–500 (4) Granite and pegmatite formation 4.0–3.5 1000 (5) Plate tectonics >3.0 1500 Era of biologically mediated mineralogy (>2.5 Ga to present) (6) Anoxic biological world 3.9–2.5 1500 (7) Great Oxidation Event 2.5–1.9 >4000 (8) Intermediate ocean 1.9–1.0 >4000 (9) Snowball Earth events 1.0–0.542 >4000 (10) Phanerozoic era of biomineralization <0.542 4900+ After Hazen, R.M., Ferry, J.M., 2010. Mineral evolution: mineral evolution: mineralogy in the fourth dimension. Elements 6, 9–12. on the chemical composition of chondrite which is the material of the earth, are 34.6% Fe, 29.5% O, 15.2% Si, 12.7% Mg, 2.4% Ni, 1.9% S, 1.1% Ca, 1.1% Al, 1.1% and others (Mason, 1966). The elemental abundances did not change significantly from birth of the earth to the present time. However, the number of mineral species has increased from 12 to over 4900 species during 4.6 billion years. In the long history of the earth, some geologic events such as granite and pegmatite formation (4.0–3.5 Ga) and “Great Oxidation Event” (1.9–2.5 Ga), ie, Earth’s oxidation by the advent of photosynthesis, have substantially increased the number of mineral species (Table 9). As discussed in Section 1.1, REEs are barely incorporated into minerals and remain in melt during magmatic differentiation because of their large ionic radii and high valences. There is no systematic study about the evolution of REE minerals, particularly on dominant factors for their formation (age, geological event, etc.). However, the detailed mineralPDF Image | HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS
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