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CHAPTER 1 1. INTRODUCTION Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging multifunctional one-dimensional carbon nanomaterials for advanced polymer matrix composites because of their high strength, elastic modulus, thermal and electrical conductivity and relatively low density [1-3]. They are fatigue and creep resistant as they behave elastically until failure, they have low coefficient of thermal expansion and are chemically inert unless they are exposed to oxidizing environments. Their applications include structural laminate and woven composites with improved matrix toughness for the aerospace and automotive sectors, air filters and fuel cells [4,5]. Existing carbon nanomaterials include CNTs, vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) and other advanced structural forms of carbon [6,8]. While VGCNFs and CNTs can provide toughening [2,8-15], they do not provide strengthening because of their discontinuous and entangled form. On the contrary, CNFs can be derived from electrospun polymer nanofibers, such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and pitch [16-20] in a relatively continuous and aligned form. Electrospinning is a simple and high throughput method to fabricate a variety of polymeric nanofibers at the submicron range. Specifically, PAN is the main precursor for carbon fibers suitable for structural applications due to its high yield and the flexibility to tailor the fiber strength and modulus by tuning the carbonization and graphitization temperatures [21]. Therefore, electrospun PAN nanofibers are ideal precursors for carbon nanofibers. However, as will be discussed in this Chapter, the state-of-the art PAN-derived CNFs before this research had properties that were significantly inferior to microscale PAN-derived carbon fibers. 1PDF Image | HIGH STRENGTH CARBON NANOFIBERS DERIVED FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE
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