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still well below the properties of commercial carbon fibers. The authors acknowledged in their report that quality processing and optimization of the pre-cursor PAN are lagging [16]. Higher strengths and moduli have only been reported by Chae et al. for large and small microscale carbon fibers produced from gel-spun PAN and PAN-CNT composites [31,32]. Their experiments on carbon fiber bundles resulted in tensile strength and modulus of 3.2 GPa and 337 GPa, respectively, while experiments performed on CNT reinforced carbon fibers resulted in tensile strength and modulus of 4.5 GPa and 463 GPa, respectively, which are comparable to high quality commercial carbon fibers. To date, VGCNFs are the only CNFs with diameters of the order of 150-300 nm whose different grades have high tensile strengths, between 2.7 - 3.3 GPa, and average Young’s modulus between 180 - 250 GPa [33]. However, they are discontinuous, only 100 μm or less long, and of significant waviness. The latter is particularly important because it is the limiting factor that prevents composite stiffening for strains as high as 1 - 2% [33,34]. Figure 1.1. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of PAN and mesophase pitch based microscale carbon fibers as a function of heat treatment temperature [35]. 4PDF Image | HIGH STRENGTH CARBON NANOFIBERS DERIVED FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE
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