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CHAPTER 2 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND MATERIALS The PAN nanofibers were fabricated by an electrospinning apparatus developed at Nanomechanics and Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL) at the University of Illinois. PAN is a preferred precursor for carbon fibers, and for this reason it was also adopted in the present research. The PAN fibers require stabilization in air and subsequent carbonization in strictly inert atmosphere, which have been studied in detail for macroscale carbon fibers. The selection of optimal conditions for the fabrication of PAN nanofibers was made based on previous research at NMRL at the University of Illinois which provided important guidelines for high strength and ductility of PAN nanofibers. The properties of PAN nanofibers fabricated at different electrospinning conditions and the carbon nanofibers fabricated subsequently at different temperatures were obtained at the single nanofiber level. Manipulation and isolation of individual nanofibers was carried out by custom tools developed at NMRL. The small scale of these nanofibers requires high resolution of force and fiber deformation measurements. In-situ testing inside a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was not a viable option because electron beam radiation results in nanofiber damage. As described in this Chapter, most methods developed before for nanoscale experimentation require SEM or Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) imaging to obtain quantitative results of stress and strain. For this purpose, MEMS-based nanoscale tension experiments under an optical microscope with displacement resolution of 25 nm that were developed at NMRL were employed in this thesis research as described in the next sections. 9PDF Image | HIGH STRENGTH CARBON NANOFIBERS DERIVED FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE
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