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(a) (b) Figure 2.1. (a) SEM images showing SWCNT rope tensile loading experiment before and after failure [45]. (b) A CNF attached to an AFM cantilever tip and tungsten wire ready to be tested [18]. A major improvement in the experimental accuracy and procedure was achieved by MEMS-based nanoscale tension devices. Zhu et al. [47] reported on a MEMS device in which the load was measured electronically, while actuation was possible by (a) a thermal actuator, or (b) an electrostatic comb-drive actuator. The former is suitable for stiff materials e.g. thin films and large diameter nanofibers and allows the implementation of displacement control. The comb-drive actuator provides force control and has been used with CNTs. A differential capacitance force sensor had 11.8 N/m stiffness and 35 nN resolution when used with CNTs, a 48.5 N/m stiffness and load resolution of 145 nN when was used with nanowires and nanofibers. Similarly, Samuel et al. [48] reported on uniaxial tension experiments with individual pyrolysed poly- furfuryl alcohol (PFA) nanofibers with diameters 150 - 300 nm using a microfabricated loadcell in an SEM. The Young’s modulus was found to be 1.27 – 1.94 GPa and the failure strain 4 - 12%. Displacements were measured by using markers on the MEMS device, which was actuated by a piezoelectric motor. A Focused Ion Beam (FIB) was used to deposit tungsten pads on the mounted ends of nanofibers to ensure rigid griping. 11PDF Image | HIGH STRENGTH CARBON NANOFIBERS DERIVED FROM ELECTROSPUN POLYACRYLONITRILE
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