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US 2020/0051709A1 Feb.13,2020 (Voc)of0.49,short-circuitcurentdensity(Ise)of6.38 conversioneficiency(PCE)of1.03%.Thedeviceswiththe AgNW transparentelectrodeexhibitaPCEis1.21%witha Vocof0.49V,aJseof6.45mA/cm2,andaFof38.26.In contrast,thedeviceswith theAgNW/pristinegraphene transparentelectrodeexhibitaPCEis1.21%withaVocof thanthatofsilverand,hence,onewouldnothaveexpected suchalow shetresistanceasociatedwithCuNW even whenincombinationwithgraphene,whichisevenlower thanCuinelectricalconductivity. oc 0.49V,aJseof6.75mA/cm2,andaFof38.95.Thisresult HybridFilm,PristineGrapheneFilm,CNT/Pristine 10 anactivelayerwithathicknesof10nm.Lastly,acathode layercomposedofaLiFlayer(1nm)andanAllayer(120 nm)wasdepositedbythermalevaporationwiththeshadow observationscanbemadebyexaminingthedatafromthis maskinahighvacumthermalevaporator(<10-tor).The finalproductsaretheorganicsolarceldeviceswitha transparentelectrode/PEDOT:PS (30nm)/P3HT:PCBM (10nm)/LiF (1nm)/Al(120nm)configuration. [0104] TheCurentdensity-voltage(J-V)measurements oforganicsolarceldeviceswereperformedunder10 mW/cm2AM 1.5Giluminations.Almeasurementswere chart:(A)TheCuNW-pristinegraphenefilmssignificantly out-performbothCuNWandCuNW-RGO filmsintermsof hightransmitanceand/orlow shetresistance.(B)With hybrid CuNW-pristine graphene films,we were able to achieveasheetresistancevalueof144and9822/9 at93% and91%transmitance,respectively.Thesevaluesaresupe riortothoseofalCuNW-basedelectrodeseverreported. Theseoutstandingcombinedperformancesareachievedby usinghighlyscalable,morecost-efective,lestedious,and vacum equipment-freproceses.(C)Shetresistanceval cariedoutunderambientconditionsatromtemperature. FIG.3showsthecurentdensity-voltage(J-V)characteris ticsofbulkheterojunctionpolymersolarcelswithAgNW, uesaslowas30and192/1havebeenobtained,whichare AgNW-RGO,and AgNW-pristine graphene transparent electrodesunderilumination.ThesolarcelswithAgNW shetresistancevalueswereachievedatanopticaltrans RGOtransparentelectrodeshowanopen-circuitvoltage mitanceof82%and84%,respectively.Thesearemost impresiveand surprising consideringthefactthatthe mA/cm2,andfilfactor(FF)of32.95,resultinginpower electricalconductivityofCuisanorderofmagnitudelower clearlyindicatesthatthesolarcelswithAgNW-pristine graphenetransparentelectrodeout-performthosewithan [0108]CNTs,RGO,pristinegraphene,andtheirhybrid AgNW orAgNW-RGOtransparentelectrode. Example9:CoperNanowire(CuNW)Film,RGO Film,CuNW/RGO HybridFilm,PristineGraphene Film,CuNW/PristineGrapheneFilm [0105] Inonepreferedaproach,thepreparationof CuNW relied upon the self-catalytic growth of Cu nanowireswithinaliquid-crystalinemedium ofhexa decylamine(HAD)andcetyltriamoninumbromide(CTAB). First,HDA and CTAB weremixed atan elevatedtempera turetoformaliquid-crystalinemedium.Uponaditionof theprecursor,coperacetylacetonate [Cu(acac)2],long nanowireswithexcelentdispersibilityformspontaneously withinthemedium inthepresenceofacatalyticPtsurface. [0106] Specificaly,asolutionproceswasfolowedto preparecopernanowires(CuNWs).Asanexample,8g HADand0.5gCTABweredisolvedinaglasvialat180° C.Then,20mgcoperacetylacetonatewasaddedand magneticalystiredfor10minutes.Subsequently,asilicon wafer(0.5cm2)sputeredwith~10nmofplatinumwas placedintothevial.Themixtureswerethenmaintainedat 180°C.for10hours,resultingintheformationofredish filmswerepreparedusingspin-coating.Asanexample,5 mgofarc-dischargedP3SWCNT(CarbonSolutions,Inc.) and 1mg ofgraphiteoxidepaperweredirectlydispersed into a solution of 98% hydrazine (SigmaAldrich)and allowedtostirforthredays.Almaterialswereusedas received.Subsequenttostiring,thestabledispersionwas centrifugedtoseparateoutanyCNTbundlesandagregated RGOparticles.Aftercentrifugation,uniformityofthedis persionwasfurtherensuredbyheatingto60°C.with repeated ultrasonic agitation for 30 min. The resulting coloidwastransferedintoanitrogenfiledgloveboxfor useinspin-coating. [0109] Foruseassubstrates,glasandPETfilmswere cleaned in a combination of reagent grade acetone and isopropylalcoholsolutionandpre-treatedfor5minutesby oxygenplasmainordertoensuregodwetingbyhydra zine.Alsubstratesweretransferedintothedryboxand spin-coatedwithin15minutesofthispre-treatment.After deposition,thefilmswereheatedto15oC.toremove residualhydrazine.Theshetresistanceandtransmitance dataofvarioustransparentconductivefilmsareshownin Table1below.BothRGOandpristinegrapheneshets usedinthepresentstudyaresingle-layerorfewlayer coton-likeshetssetledatthebotom.Afterrinsingwith graphene.Thesedataindicatethatthinfilmswithcombined tolueneforseveraltimes,thenanowiresweredispersedin pristinegraphene-CNTssignificantlyout-performCNT tolueneatdiferentsolidcontents.Thesuspensionswere films,RGOfilms,andcombinedRGO-CNTfilms.The separatelycastintothinfilmsonglasorPETsurface. longstandingproblemofhighshetresistanceasociated SeveralCuNWfilmssuportedonglasorPETsubstrate withCNTfilms,RGOfilms,andcombinedRGO-CNTfilms werethendepositedwitheitherRGOfilmorpristinegra havingatransmitancenolesthan90%(anindustry phenefilm. [0107]Theshetresistanceandopticaltransparencydata ofthesefilmsaresummarizedinFIG.4.Severalsignificant comparabletothoseofITOglas.Thesesurprisinglylow Example 10:CNT Film,RGO Film,CNT/RGO requirement)isnow overcome. GrapheneFilmPDF Image | HIGHLY CONDUCTING AND TRANSPARENT FILM AND PROCESS
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