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Electrochem 2020, 1 232 Electrochem 2020, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 7 2. Anode and Anode Interface Design 2. Anode and Anode Interface Design Most recent work on Li-S batteries has focused on cathode materials and separators. Comparably few efforts have sought to modify or replace the Li anode, despite the risk of safety hazards Most recent work on Li-S batteries has focused on cathode materials and separators. Comparably andcfaewtasetfrfoprthsihcafvaeilsuorueghatdtoevmicoedimfyaoyrrseupfflaecreitfheunLcioantordoel,ladbelsepidtenthderirtiisckgofroswafethtyohcaczuardssfraonmd the electrocadteas[t3ro6p,3h7i]c.fOainluerestaudeyvaictetemapytseudffteorriefpulnacoenthroellaitbhleiudmenmdreitiaclgerloewcttrhodocecwuristhfraomlitthieuemle@ctnraondeofiber [36,37]. One study attempted to replace the lithium metal electrode with a lithium@nanofiber roll roll composite electrode [41]. The result was a series of hollow carbon structures wherein lithium composite electrode [41]. The result was a series of hollow carbon structures wherein lithium is is disposed to reside (Figure 1). Over 1400 cycles, Li-S batteries made with this electrode showed disposed to reside (Figure 1). Over 1400 cycles, Li-S batteries made with this electrode showed impressive 99.6% coulombic efficiency. This study is of note because most studies focus on separator impressive 99.6% coulombic efficiency. This study is of note because most studies focus on separator layers and cathode configurations, while a stable anode is also essential for safely performing consumer layers and cathode configurations, while a stable anode is also essential for safely performing device. More work should be undertaken in the near future on Li-host anodes. It would also be consumer device. More work should be undertaken in the near future on Li-host anodes. It would intriguing to see how a cell would perform if this anode were combined with some of the more also be intriguing to see how a cell would perform if this anode were combined with some of the successful separator layers or cathode morphologies discussed herein. Such combinations are prime more successful separator layers or cathode morphologies discussed herein. Such combinations are candipdraimteescfoanrdfuidtautreessfoturdfuiteusr.estudies. Figure 1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of carbon nanofibers as Li is deposited (A–C,E) Figure 1. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of carbon nanofibers as Li is deposited (A–C,E) or stripped (D), a process shown schematically in the inset (F). Reprinted from reference [41], © 2020 or stripped (D), a process shown schematically in the inset (F). Reprinted from reference [41], © 2020 used with permission from Elsevier. used with permission from Elsevier. Another way to combat the safety hazards of flammable organic electrolytes in combination with Another way to combat the safety hazards of flammable organic electrolytes in combination dendrite-prone lithium anodes is to make the electrolyte itself flame-retardant. One such effort with dendrite-prone lithium anodes is to make the electrolyte itself flame-retardant. One such effort employed as electrolyte DME/TFSI (dimethoxyether/1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl employed as electrolyte DME/TFSI (dimethoxyether/1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether) [86] in conjunction with a non-woven cellulose coated with non-conductive carbon as a ether) [86] in conjunction with a non-woven cellulose coated with non-conductive carbon as a separator separator layer (Figure 2). This electrolyte proved quite flame retardant and to simultaneously layers(uFpigpuortelo2w). pTohlyisuellfeidctersoolylutbeilpitryo.vFerodmquaipterflfoarmeanrcetastradnadnptoaintdatLoi-sSimbauttletraynemoupslolyisnugptpheosret low elements exhibited good long term cycling stability for over 2500 h at 1.0 mA cm−2 and 1.0 mAh cm−2. polysulfide solubility. From a performance standpoint a Li-S battery employing these elements When this electrolyte is used in conjunction with a bare sulfur cathode f−o2r 200 cycles at 0.5 C,−i2t retains exhibited good long term cycling stability for over 2500 h at 1.0 mA cm and 1.0 mAh cm . When this 83.6% of its discharge capacity. At higher charge density (4 C) a capacity of 350 mAh g−1 is possible. electrolyte is used in conjunction with a bare sulfur cathode for 200 cycles at 0.5 C, it retains 83.6% of its The authors also tested the cell at elevated temperature and found that at 60 °C discharge capacity of discharge capacity. At higher charge density (4 C) a capacity of 350 mAh g−1 is possible. The authors 870 mAh g−1 is possible. These flame-retardant electrolytes could be an excellent means of addressing also tested the cell at elevated temperature and found that at 60 ◦C discharge capacity of 870 mAh g−1 the concern some have over the safety of Li batteries. is possible. These flame-retardant electrolytes could be an excellent means of addressing the concern some have over the safety of Li batteries. In an effort to address both the shuttle effect and the potential for lithium to engage in dendrite growth, one study employed a vanadium nitride nanowire array to support both a sulfur cathode and a lithium metal anode (Figure 3) [42]. These vanadium nitride nanowires are exceedingly conductive and provide a high surface area. Vanadium nitride also proved highly efficient in trapping polysulfides, facilitate so high ion in electron transport through the material answer ports good redox kinetics. Notably, this configuration successfully inhibits lithium dendrite growth even at a remarkably high current density of 10 mA cm−2 after over 200 h of repeated plating/stripping. The cell has a high areal capacity of 4.6 mAh cm−2 while over 850 cycles it also maintains high coulombic efficiency (≈99.6% at 4PDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends
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Sulfur Deposition on Carbon Nanofibers using Supercritical CO2 Sulfur Deposition on Carbon Nanofibers using Supercritical CO2. Gamma sulfur also known as mother of pearl sulfur and nacreous sulfur... More Info
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