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Electrochem 2020, 1 235 Figure 5. A highly crosslinked network provides a scaffold that resists dimensional changes in response to temperature. Reprinted with permission from reference [88]. Copyright 2020 American OrganiCchpemoilcyaml Soecrisetyc.an also be incorporated into batteries in the form of crosslinked micelles that can also carry electrolyte. In one such illustration [44], a copolymer of polyethylene oxide and Organic polymers can also be incorporated into batteries in the form of crosslinked micelles that polypropylene oxide comprising carboxylate and sulfonate groups was used to form the micelles can also carry electrolyte. In one such illustration [44], a copolymer of polyethylene oxide and (Figure 6) wherein lithium polysulfides (LiPS) are envisioned to interact along the polar polymer polypropylene oxide comprising carboxylate and sulfonate groups was used to form the micelles chains. These highly polar and ionic polymer segments, as expected, have a very high affinity for LiPS. (Figure 6) wherein lithium polysulfides (LiPS) are envisioned to interact along the polar polymer −1 Cells hacvhianignst.hTihsepseolhyigmhelyr pmoilcaerlalendbinondiecrpeoxlyhmibeirtesdegamreenvtse,rassibelxepceactpedac, ihtayvoefa5v7e1rymhAighgaffinaitnydf,oorver 100 cycles at 0.5 C, showed a capacity loss of only 0.032%/cycle. These new polymer micelle-containing over 100 cycles at 0.5 C, showed a capacity loss of only 0.032%/cycle. These new polymer micelle- LiPS. Cells having this polymer micelle binder exhibited a reversible capacity of 571 mAh g−1 and, cells outperform older technologies such as Li-S batteries comprising fluoropolymer components, containing cells outperform older technologies such as Li-S batteries comprising fluoropolymer while also being safer to fabricate and more environmentally friendly. components, while also being safer to fabricate and more environmentally friendly. Figure 6. A series of crosslinked micelles (left; green tubes are polymer chains; yellow spheres are Figure 6. A series of crosslinked micelles (left; green tubes are polymer chains; yellow spheres are micelles) provide a template for lithium polysulfide (LiPS) interaction with polymer chains as they micelles) provide a template for lithium polysulfide (LiPS) interaction with polymer chains as they approacahpptrhoeacehlethcteroelleyctreoleyntetreanptrpaepdpeidninthtehemmiciceelle.Reepprirnitnedtewditwhipthermpeisrsmionissfriomnrferfoemrenrcefe[4r4e]n.ce[44]. Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons. Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons. The merits of an ultrathin separator having a width of only about 30 nm were employed to The merits of an ultrathin separator having a width of only about 30 nm were employed to confine confine about a 1 nm active space through the use of a double hydroxide nanosheets, graphene oxide about a 1 nm active space through the use of a double hydroxide nanosheets, graphene oxide and a and a polypropylene layer-by-layer assembly (Figure 7) [45]. This assembly effectively blocked polypropylene layer-by-layer assembly (Figure 7) [45]. This assembly effectively blocked polysulfides polysulfides while facilitating dispersion of Li+. Li-S batteries having this separator layer indeed show while facilitating dispersion of Li+. Li-S batterie−s1 having this separator layer indeed show a high a high initial discharge capacity of 1092 mA h g while only exhibiting 0.08%/cycle decay (0.2 C). −1 initialdTishcehsaerLgi-eScbapttaecrietsyaoref1es0p9e2cimallAyhlaugdabwlehfoilrethoenirlyperxfohrimbiatnincega0t.h0i8g%he/rctyecmlepedreactuaryes(.0.2C).TheseLi-S batteries are especially laudable for their performance at higher temperatures. Electrochem 2020, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 11 Figure 7. Schematic representation of batteries having polypropylene (PP) separator (i), ultrathin Figure 7. Schematic representation of batteries having polypropylene (PP) separator (i), ultrathin double hydroxide nanosheet/graphene oxide film-modified PP separator (ii), and thicker double double hydroxide nanosheet/graphene oxide film-modified PP separator (ii), and thicker double hydroxide nanosheet/graphene oxide film-modified PP separator (iii). Reprinted with permission hydroxide nanosheet/graphene oxide film-modified PP separator (iii). Reprinted with permission from reference [45]. Copyright 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry. 4.1. General Work Employing Graphene and Carbon Cathode Materials Much of the work on Li-S batteries has focused on cathode materials or separators to provide a cathode interface [1,2,4–7], and most of those studies have employed carbon-based materials as a conductive material, physical support, or both. When lithium polysulfide (LPS) and a carbon nanofiber (CNF) composite layer are combined as a cathode and the surface is terminated with a Mo from reference [45]. Copyright 2020 Royal Society of Chemistry. 4. Cathode and Separator MaterialsPDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends
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