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Electrochem 2020, 1 241 0.06%/cycle. Cells with this electrode do support a high areal capacity of 5.5 mAh cm−2 at a sulfur loading of 5.02 mg cm−2, however. Electrochem 2020, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 17 Figure 13. Process (a–c) for preparing phosphorous/oxygen co-doped into mesoporous carbon bowls Figure 13. Process (a–c) for preparing phosphorous/oxygen co-doped into mesoporous carbon bowls (d,g) from initially-formed spheres (b,c,e,f). Reprinted from reference [58], © 2020 used with (d,g) from initially-formed spheres (b,c,e,f). Reprinted from reference [58], © 2020 used with permission permission from Elsevier. from Elsevier. An interesting approach that is rather new in this ffiield is to use defect engineering to endow their composite materials with advantageous properties. In one example, anion-deffiicient antimony selenide (Sb2Se3-x))isiseempploloyyeeddaassa pollysullffiide barriier [59]. Asstthe matteriiall is anion deffiicient, it 2 3-x provides natural docking sites for the polysulfifide anions. The high afffifinity in turn promotes fast kinetics sulfur electrochemical conversion. Superriiorr Lii--S battery performance results,, as even after over 500 cycles a capacity fading rate of only 0.027%/cycle (1.0 C) wan noted with a high areal capacity −2 of7.46mAhcm ..DeffeccttengiineerriingtthussholldssgreattpromisefortuningLi-Sperformance,anda wide range of main group sulfifides may be enviisiioned for uttiilliitty iin tthiis regarrd.. A simplififiedapprroacchttooccaaththooddeeaassesmembblylyinivnovlovlivnigngsismimplpelceoc-om-melteilntginogfosfuslfulrfuarnadnsdelseenlieunmiu,mits, ihtesahveiearvmiearinmgarionugprcoounpgecnoenrg, ehnaesra,lshoasoffaelsreodosfofemredinstroimgueinigntprirgeuliimnginaprryelriemsuinltasr[y60r]e.sTuhltis c[6h0a]l.coTgheins cahllaolycowgaens falbloryicawteads fianbtoricaacteodmipnotosiatecwomithporseidteucweidthgreadpuhceende gorxaidpehetnoeseorxvideeastoasreravdeilays-parroedaudcileyd- 22 pcartohdoudced(arceatlhloaddein(garoefaelleloctardoiancgtivoefmealetecrtiraolaacttiavienemda6t.e5rmiagl/camttai)n.eLdi-S6b.5attmergi/ecsmen)c.oLmi-pSasbsianttgerthieis −1 −1 ecantchoomdpeasshsoinwgetdhmisocadtehsotdcaepsahcoiwtyeodfm80o0dmesAthcagpaciotvyeorfa8t0l0eamstA10h0gcycolvese.ratleast100cycles. Inorganic separators, such as those comprising affffordable anodized aluminum oxide membranes [61] can be a cost-effffective alternative to organics that, in addition to being cheaper, also afffford improvements in terms of being nonflflammable, an important consideration for Li ion battery safety. Initial studies on anodized aluminum oxide membranes are quite promising, as the composite batteries display high lithium ion transport, low areal speciffiic resistance, and low overpotential of Li deposition/stripping. Lii-S batteriies emplloyiing the separator had a degradation rate of 0.105%/cycle after 480 cycles (2 C). One rather novel approach to growing a cathode material was to grow carbon fibers from the vapor phase to penetrate sulfur crystals [92]. A reasonable areal mass loading and capacity (3.4–4.4 mAh cm−2) were achieved with this cathode. Between 93–97% of capacity is retained at low current densities (0.2–0.5 C) Concerning the stability of the capacity, 90% of the initial 920 mA h g−1 capacity is retained after 200 cycles (0.1 C), with a reported coulombic efficiency of 100%.PDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends
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