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Electrochem 2020, 1 249 higher current density, a capacity of 605 mAh g−1 was attained and even over 500 cycles a low capacity loss of 0.06%/cycle was observed. Whereas a plethora of studies employ either Mo or Co oxide nanoparticles, one study sought to harness both metals in the form of 3D, hierarchically-structured CoMn2O4 microspheres as sulfur Electrochem 2020, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 25 hosts in the cathode [110]. The assembly of hollow spheres provided a scaffolding appropriate for high sulfur loading while preventing dimensional expansion during cycling. The intimate nanoscale contact of the CoMn2O4 microspheres with sulfur provided an ideal setup for catalytic conversion of contact of the CoMn O microspheres with sulfur provided an ideal setup for catalytic conversion 24 polysulfides, thus alleviating the shuttle effect to great extent. The Li-S batteries employing this of polysulfides, thus alleviating the shuttle effect to great extent. The Li-S batteries employing this cathodic formulation had a high tap density of 1.73 g cm−3 and capacity as high as 907 mAh cm−3 (at cathodic fo−r1mulation had a high tap density of 1.73 g cm−3 and capacity as high as 907 mAh cm−3 1600mAg ).−1 (at 1600 mA g ). In another study employing open pore structures, lithium sulfide was placed in a three- In another study employing open pore structures, lithium sulfide was placed in a three-dimensional dimensional mesoporous carbon architecture (CMK3, Figure 20) [111]. The very large volumes of free mesoporous carbon architecture (CMK3, Figure 20) [111]. The very large volumes of free space available space available in this architecture facilitate volume changes that may be necessary during cell in this architecture facilitate volume changes that may be necessary during cell operation as well as operation as well as providing a high surface area or redox reaction. This structure successful providing a high surface area or redox reaction. This structure successful supported a 79 wt % loading supported a 79 wt% loading of sulfur into the material and the battery comprising this cathode ofsulfurintothematerialandthebatterycomprisingt−h1iscathodematerialexh−1ibitahighspecific material exhibit a high specific capacity of 848 mA h g (0.1 C) or 410 mA h g after 400 cycles at capacity of 848 mAh g−1 (0.1 C) or 410 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at higher current density (2 C). higher current density (2 C). Figure 20. Schematic illustration of use of CoP-modified carbon cubes in a separator layer. Reprinted Figure 20. Schematic illustration of use of CoP-modified carbon cubes in a separator layer. Reprinted from reference [111], © 2020 used with permission from the American Chemical Society. from reference [111], © 2020 used with permission from the American Chemical Society. Inanotherreportt,,freevollumewasaccomplliishedbyusiinghollowspheresoftitaniiumoxiideand tiittaniiumnnitirtirdidee[7[67]6. ]T. hTihs ipsropvriodveisdaestaandtaenmdseymstesmyswtehmerweinhetrheintittahneiutmitaonxiiudme isoxexidpecitsedextopepcrtoevdidteo hpirgohvaidbesohripgthioanbssofrpotiloynsuslofifdpeoslpyescuielfsid[7e7s],pwechierse[a7s7t]h,ewthitearneiausmthneitrtitdaenwiuimllpnriotvridewhiigllhpcroonvdiudcetihviigtyh. Ccoenlldsuecmtipvlioty.inCgeltlhsiesmcpatlhooydinegatshipsacrattohfodtheeairsdpeasritgonfethxheirbidteasivgenryexhigbhitianivteiarlyshpiegchifiincictiaplascpietycifoifc −1 −1 1c2a5p4amcitAyhogf 12.54AmfteAr h50g0 c.yAclfetesrth50e0cecyllcdleispthlaeysceclloudliospmlabyics ecffiouclioemncbyicuepffticoie9n9c%y uanpdtoa 9r9e%verasnibdlea −1 −1 craepvaecrsitiybloefcaasphaicgihtyaosf53a3smhiAghgas 5(303.2mCA).Shucgha(n0.o2veCl)c.oSmucbhinatinoonvoeflcompbaintiabtlieoncoonfducocmtinpgatainblde acdosnodrubcintigngunaintsdisadasworeblli-nfoguunndietsdistratwegeyll-tfhoautncdouedldshtraavtegyretahtauttciloituyldinhfauvtuergersetautduietsil.ity in future studies. 4.7. Systems Employing Metal Sulfides and Phosphides 4.7. Systems Employing Metal Sulfides and Phosphides Metal sulfides have long been considered as potential components of Li-S batteries on the basis of their affinity for polysulfide species [112]. If this affinity could be coupled to beneficial reactivity to Metal sulfides have long been considered as potential components of Li-S batteries on the basis allow the polysulfides to transform to active species, for example, performance and device lifetime of their affinity for polysulfide species [112]. If this affinity could be coupled to beneficial reactivity could be improved. Thus far, however, the slow kinetics of redox reactions at metal sulfides in these to allow the polysulfides to transform to active species, for example, performance and device lifetime systems has been a barrier to their effectiveness. A recent study [113] sought to improve surface area could be improved. Thus far, however, the slow kinetics of redox reactions at metal sulfides in these and reactivity of metal sulfides, specifically Co S /MnS nanotubes, by growing them on a cotton cloth systems has been a barrier to their effectivenes3s.4A recent study [113] sought to improve surface area and reactivity of metal sulfides, specifically Co3S4/MnS nanotubes, by growing them on a cotton cloth for use as a battery layer. This configuration was based on prior work suggesting that Mn dopants will improve the reactivity of Co3S4 sites with the target polysulfides. A battery including this metal sulfide-doped cotton cloth with a 3.2 mg/cm–2 loading of sulfur as a cathode was prepared and it exhibited cycle performance at a charge density of 2.67 mA cm−2 with 95% retention of initial specificPDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Advances and Trends
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