Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Design, Characterization, and Physically-based Modeling

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Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Design, Characterization, and Physically-based Modeling ( lithium-sulfur-battery-design-characterization-and-physicall )

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(Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, NJ, USA) rotating at 1060 RPM. For each run, its air- tight stainless steel milling chamber is loaded with 1–2mg of Li2S and a set of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) grinding balls (type 4039GM, Inframat Advanced Materials, Manchester, CT, USA). The milling balls come in three sizes (3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mm), which are added to the Li2S powder in the ratio of 4:6:4:1 by weight (large : medium : small : Li2S). In order to keep the sulfur content of the active material as high as possible, no carbon black or other material is added to the milling container, even though it is known to improve the milling performance slightly [77]. To avoid exposure to moisture or air, the material is loaded into and collected from the milling chamber inside the glovebox. The milling procedure itself consists of six milling rounds, 20 min. each, with a 20 min. break between subsequent runs to avoid overheating. The ground up material is collected inside the glovebox and stored in a sealed glass vial until used. 2.2.2 Chemical vapor deposition In order to apply the carbon coating to the Li2S particles, a CVD furnace installation had to be designed and set up which allows for the treatment of the material without exposure to ambient air. Furnace design and installation. The tube furnace used for the coating (Lindberg Blue M Mini-Mite; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) consists of a quartz tube with a diameter of 1.0 ” which can be inserted into the heating chamber so that both ends protrude from the furnace. The quartz tube’s ends are sealed by an O-ring seal each with a flange for connecting Swagelok tubing. A P&ID drawing of the final CVD setup is presented in Fig. 2.3. gas feed & manifold tube furnace exhaust quick connect Figure 2.3: Design of the tube furnace installation used for CVD coating. The furnace’s quartz tube containing the sample can be disconnected from the setup at the positions indicated by the arrows and removed without exposing the material inside to ambient air. 20 Ar C2 H2 C2 H4

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