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1 2 3 4 5 6 30 min. 2 min. 60 min. 2 min. 120 min. 2 min. Table 2.1: Standard protocol for coating Li2S nanoparticles. step duration procedure CVD with 70 SCCM Ar, 10 SCCM C2H2 @ 440 °C grinding with mortar & pestle CVD with 70 SCCM Ar, 10 SCCM C2H2 @ 440 °C grinding with mortar & pestle CVD with 70 SCCM Ar, 10 SCCM C2H2 @ 440 °C grinding with mortar & pestle the amount of carbon deposited, therefore the weighing has to be repeated for each CVD run, i.e. after collecting the sample from the mortar. Various coating protocols were tested in order to come up with an optimal pro- cedure before the most effective coating method was established as a standard; see Tab. 2.1 for the full protocol. Heating, cooling and evacuation times are not included in the list, but account for half of the total processing time: approximately 10min. heating, 30min. cooling, 15min. evacuation (transfer in the glovebox), and 10min. general handling time per step. 2.3 Other materials and cell assembly Besides the carbon-coated Li2S, several other materials are needed to build a functional cell. All raw materials used are listed in Tab. A.3; the rationale behind each choice is outlined in the following paragraphs. 2.3.1 Anode materials and preparation For the anode, plain lithium foil with a thickness of 180 μm is used (Lectro Max 100; FMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA). While there are known issues with lithium metal anodes [15], it can be safely assumed that for the cell configuration presented here, none of these are critical. Room-temperature ionic liquids [86, 87] as well as the additive lithium nitrate [81, 88, 89] can considerably improve the cyclability of lithium metal electrodes, so that more than 1000 cycles could be demonstrated with an electrolyte similar to the one used in this study [76]. The lithium foil is stored inside the glovebox at < 1 ppm oxygen and virtually no water vapor. Directly before use, it is cut into 5/8 ” discs, roughened using a plastic brush, and firmly pressed onto a stainless steel plate by hand. 23PDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Design, Characterization, and Physically-based Modeling
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