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(a) control “0” (b) control “−” (c) control “+” (d) control “++” (e) sample 1 (f) sample 2 (g) sample 3 Figure 3.11: Chemical test of the carbon coating as a polysulfide barrier. Blue color indicates that polysulfides are present in the solution. The composition of each sample is reported in Tab. 3.1. Details see text. the standard recipe (1), the corresponding active material powder (2), and another electrode (3) prepared from Li2S powder with an extra-thick coating (total CVD time 5 h at 400 °C; 6.5 wt.% carbon). Unfortunately, dissolved polysulfides were detected for all three samples (as for all other Li2S-containing samples, data not shown). Therefore, despite the uniform black look of the coating as well as the encouraging Raman and TEM results, it has to be stated that the coating does not prevent polysulfide formation and dissolution in the liquid electrolyte – at least not completely. In the full cell, the situation might actually even be worse, since the coating may also be damaged during the Li extraction at elevated voltages during activation, cf. section 3.2.3. Also, there is considerably less solvent in the cell than in this test, there- fore the concentrations of the polysulfides may be quite high, even if only a small fraction of the active material is leaked into the electrolyte. Beaker cell runs. The failure to prevent polysulfide dissolution is also evident when looking at the beaker cell during operation. The photos in Fig. 3.12 picture the cell at 47PDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Design, Characterization, and Physically-based Modeling
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