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considerably higher than in previous studies. The initial capacity is not significantly improved, but the rate of degradation is reduced by more than 60 % and averages to a mere 3.9 per cycle on average, and 6.1 per cycle at the 200th cycle. charge capacity discharge capacity loading: 1.03 mg/cm2 composition: 80 % Li2 S (coated), 10 % carbon, 10 % SBR 50 % Pyr14 TFSI, 50 % DOL/DME + 1 M LiTFSI, 0.3 M LiNO3 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 1000 800 600 400 200 00 0 50 100 150 200 Cycle Figure 3.24: Performance of the optimized electrodes. Charge and discharge at a C/10 rate; every 25th cycle at C/50. Still, there is lots of room for improvement. This is especially apparent when look- ing at the Coulombic efficiency for the above experiment, presented in Fig. 3.25. The slow cycles (25, 50, 75, ...) are suppressed in this plot, but their effect is still visible: The Coulombic efficiency is slightly increased for several cycles after most of the slow cycles – an effect probably related to the “refreshing” character of slower cycles, dis- cussed in the next chapter on the basis of Fig. 5.3. Disregarding these fluctuations, the Coulombic efficiency stabilizes at around 98.5 %, a value that is considerably too low for stable long-term operation [163, 164]. In effect, this result indicates that ∼ 1.5 % of the current enters parasitic reactions, eventually causing loss of material and degrada- tion. Unfortunately, the analysis and mitigation of these effects could not be completed within this study and remains a goal for future efforts. 63 Capacity / Ah/kgS Capacity / Ah/kgelectrodePDF Image | Lithium-Sulfur Battery: Design, Characterization, and Physically-based Modeling
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