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Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 14 temperatures upon the addition of CTP, the carbon yield at 600 °C significantly increased from 43% Materials 2019, 12, 1281 8 of 14 for pure PAN fibre to 54% and 56% for PAN fibres containing 25% and 50% CTP, respectively. This increase in carbon yield is a result of the addition of CTP, which is a distribution of macromolecules Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 14 temperatures upon the addition of CTP, the carbon yield at 600 °C significantly increased from 43% for pure PAN fibre to 54% and 56% for PAN fibres containing 25% and 50% CTP, respectively. This increase in carbon yield is a result of the addition of CTP, which is a distribution of macromolecules containing high aromatic carbon content. FigurFeig4u.rDe4iff.Derifefnerteianltisaclascnaninigngccaalloriimetry((DSSCC)t)htehrmeromgroagmrasmatsvartiovuasrihoeuatsinhgeraattiensgforra(tae)sUf0o,r(b(a))U0, U2 and (c) U4, respectively; noting the change in scale of the Y-axis. Comparison of DSC thermograms (b) U2 and (c) U4, respectively; noting the change in scale of the Y-axis. Comparison of DSC at a heating rate of 10 °C/min (d◦), Kissinger plots for obtaining the activation energy of thermal thermograms at a heating rate of 10 C/min (d), Kissinger plots for obtaining the activation energy of stabilisation process (e), and TGA thermograms of various samples (f). thermal stabilisation process (e), and TGA thermograms of various samples (f). Figure 4. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms at various heating rates for (a) U0, (b) Table 2. ThermallcharracctteerriisstticicssooffvaarrioiouussssaampplelessoobbtataininededbbyyDDSCSCanadndthtehremrmogorgarvaivmimetreytraynanlyaslyese(sT(GTAG)A. ). U2 and (c) U4, respectively; noting the change in scale of the Y-axis. Comparison of DSC thermograms at a hSeatminpglreateTosf(1°C0 )°C/mΔHins (dJ/)g, )KisEsisn(gkeJr/mplotls) foTr co(b°tCai)ninCg athrbeoanctyiviaetlidonaten6e0r0gy°Cof(%th)ermal Sample T (◦ C) ∆H (J/g) E (kJ/mol) stabilisation process (e), and TGA therms ograms of varsious samples (f). T c (◦ C) 43 Carbon Yield U0 311 1047 145 323 43 U0 311 1047 U2 316 2106 145 323 113 331 at 600 ◦ C (%) Table 2. Thermal characteristics of various samples obtained by DSC and thermogravimetry analyses (TGA). U4 U2 3.3. CrUy4stallographic Str3u1c8tures 318 2232 148 334 56 54 Sample 316 ΔHs (J/g) 1047 2106 113 331 54 Ts (°C) Es (kJ/mol) Tc (°C) Carbon yield at 600 °C (%) 148 334 56 2232 Electrospun fibres were stabilised and carbonised prior to XRD and Raman studies. SEM images U0 311 145 113 323 43 331 54 U2 316 2106 U4 318 2232 148 334 56 3.3. CorfytshtaellCoFgsraprhoidcuScterducftruormessamples U0, U2 and U4 are shown in Figure 5. During stabilisation and carbonisation, fibres underwent a shrinkage, resulting in thinner fibres with smoother surface Electrospun fibres were stabilised and carbonised prior to XRD and Raman studies. SEM images 3.3. Crystallographic Structures compared to precursor fibres. of the CFs produced from samples U0, U2 and U4 are shown in Figure 5. During stabilisation and Electrospun fibres were stabilised and carbonised prior to XRD and Raman studies. SEM images carbonisation, fibres underwent a shrinkage, resulting in thinner fibres with smoother surface compared of the CFs produced from samples U0, U2 and U4 are shown in Figure 5. During stabilisation and to precursor fibres. carbonisation, fibres underwent a shrinkage, resulting in thinner fibres with smoother surface U0 U2 U4 U0 U2 U4 Figure 5. SEM images of the CFs carbonised at 850 ◦C containing 0%, 25% and 50% CTP. Average diameter (Mean ± SD) for the carbonised samples U0, U2 and U4 was 0.25 ± 0.06, 0.28 ± 0.07 and 0.57 ± 0.15 respectively.PDF Image | Low-Cost Carbon Fibre Derived from Sustainable Coal Tar Pitch and Polyacrylonitrile
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