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Materials 2019, 12, 1281 9 of 14 Figure 6 shows the adsorption/desorption isotherms of nitrogen at 77 K for various CFs samples. All the isotherms showed the typical type III representing pore adsorption. Based on these results, specific surface areas and pore size are obtained and presented in Table 3. It can be seen that specific Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 14 surface area and pore size increase with increasing CTP content in both carbonisation temperatures of 850 ◦C and 1200 ◦C, which is probably due to porous structure and microvoids in CTP. Increasing Figure 5. SEM images of the CFs carbonised at 850 °C containing 0%, 25% and 50% CTP. Average carbonisation temperature also results in a higher surface area. However, in U4 sample, an increase of diameter (Mean ± SD) for the carbonised samples U0, U2 and U4 was 0.25 ± 0.06, 0.28 ± 0.07 and 0.57 carbonisation temperature from 850 ◦C to 1200 ◦C did not change the surface area significantly. ± 0.15 respectively. Fiigure 6.. IIssottheerrmaalladssorrpttiion//desorpttiion off niittrogen in various CFs. Table 3. Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area and pore characteristics of the various CFs. Figure 6 shows the adsorption/desorption isotherms of nitrogen at 77 K for various CFs samples. All the isotherms showed the typical type III representing pore adsorption. Based on these results, Carbonisation specific sTuemrfapceeraaturereas and pore size are obtained and presented in Table 3. It can be seen that specific 850 ◦C 1200 ◦C surface area and pore size increase with increasing CTP content in both carbonisation temperatures Sample U0 U2 U4 U0 U2 U4 of 850 °C and 1200 °C, which is probably due to porous structure and microvoids in CTP. Increasing Specific surface area (m2/g) 87.33 110.45 142.86 104.28 134.41 145.12 carbonisation temperature also results in a higher surface area. However, in U4 sample, an increase Pore size (nm) 1.4054 1.6571 3.138 1.5680 1.7491 3.409 of carbonisation temperature from 850 °C to 1200 °C did not change the surface area significantly. TAasbdleis3c.uBsrsuendaueear,liEemr,mtheettaadnditTieolnleorf(BCETP)sausrfacmeiasrceiablaendoppoereacdhdairtaivctertiostPicAsNof/DthMevFarsipoiunsnCinFgs.dope reduces the strong binary interaction force between PAN polymer chains, which causes an increase in Carbonisation temperature 850 °C 1200 °C the crystallisation degree of fibres. Subsequently, the larger size of precursor crystallites will result Sample U0 U2 U4 U0 U2 U4 in more developed cyclised PAN polymer and the larger graphitic structure in carbonised fibres [38]. Specific surface area (m2/g) 87.33 110.45 142.86 104.28 134.41 145.12 Figure 7a shows XRD patterns of CTP and control fibre (U0 sample). As expected for the CTP sample, Pore size (nm) 1.4054 1.6571 3.138 1.5680 1.7491 3.409 a broad amorphous peak at 2θ = 20.15◦ was observed and considered for further quantifications. ◦◦ AddiAnsgd25iscaunsdse5d0%eaCrlTiePr,tothPeAaNddshitiifotendotfhCeTamPoarspahomuiscpiebalekdofoPpAeNadfdroitmive~2to5.5PAtNo/~D2M3.5F,swpihnincihnigs ◦◦ dboepcaeursedoufcceosntvhoelustirongofb2i0n.a1r5y aintder2a5c.t5ionpefaokrsc.e between PAN polymer chains, which causes an increaAssepinretsheentcerdysintaTllaibsaleti4o,ncadlecgurlaeteedofsfiizberoefs.(1Su0b0s)ecqruysetnatllyo,gtrhaephlaicrgpelranseizfeorofUp0r,eUc2urasnodr Ucr4ysatamllpitles wshilolwresdulatnininmcorereasdeevineltohpeedsizcyecolifsethdeP(A1N0 p0o)lcyrmysetraallnindethpelalnaregferogmra2p.h5i9tincmstruincttuhre Uin0casarbmopnliesetdo f2ib.6r3esnm[38a]n.dFi2g.u7r4en7masinhothwesUX2RaDndpaUtt4erpnrsecoufrCsoTrPsamndplceosn,trreoslpfeicbtrieve(Uly.0Asasmalpllsea)m.Apsleesxwpecrteepdrfeopratrheed CuTndPesratmhepslea,maebexropaedrimamenotraplhconudsitpioeanks,atsl2iθgh=tg2r0o.w15t°hwinatsheobsiszeervoefdthaencdrycsotanlslitdeesriesddefoscrrfibuerdthbery qaudadnintigficCaTtiPonas.tAheddoinpge2a5dadnitdiv5e0. %AdCdTiPngtoCPTAPNassahidftoepdetahdedaimtivoerpdheocuresapsesakthoefsPtrAoNngfrdoipmo~le2-5d.i5p°otloe ~in2t3e.5ra°,ctwiohnicbhetiwsbeecnacuysaenoidfecognrvouolpustionnPoAfN20c.h1a5i°nasn.dTh2e5r.5ef°opre,atkhse.presenceofCTPreducesthestrong cohesive bonding between PAN chains which causes the formation of PAN clusters in the spinning dope. The higher CTP load in the spinning dope resulted in the lower polymer chains interaction and this resulted in the formation of larger PAN crystallites in the electrospun fibres, as presented in Table 3. The reduction of interaction in PAN chains due to the addition of CTP was also confirmed by observation of the shear-thinning behaviour in PAN/CTP solutions. Low-temperature carbonisation of stabilised fibres at 850 ◦C did not reveal a distinguishable difference between samples as shown in Figure 7b. Further calculation and quantification of low-temperature carbonised samples revealed thatPDF Image | Low-Cost Carbon Fibre Derived from Sustainable Coal Tar Pitch and Polyacrylonitrile
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