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Pitch-based CFs are often known to have higher electrical and thermal conductivity compared to PAN-based CFs. We have investigated the effect of CTP on electrical resistivity of PAN CFs. The sheet resistivity of the carbonised samples is shown in Figure 9. As seen, electrical resistivity significantly reduced when carbonisation temperature increased from 850 °C to 1200 °C. For example, Materials 2019, 12, 1281 12 of 14 the electrical resistivity of U0 at 850 °C is about 20 kΩ/sq while this value dropped to 0.036 kΩ/sq at 1200 °C. Such a trend was also observed for the U2 and U4 samples in which the electrical resistivity reduced around 136 and 140 fold, respectively, by increasing the carbonisati◦on temperature. When it CTP percentage, the electrical resistivity of the carbonised samples at 850 C reduced significantly comes to the CTP percentage, the electrical resistivity of the carbonised samples at 850 °C reduced from about 20 kΩ/sq for U0 to 4.6 kΩ/sq and 1.6 kΩ/sq for U2 and U4, respectively. In other words, significantly from about 20 kΩ/sq for U0 to 4.6 kΩ/sq and 1.6 kΩ/sq for U2 and U4, respectively. In by adding 25% and 50% CTP, the electrical resistivity was decreased by 4 and 12 fold compared to other words, by addin◦g 25% and 50% CTP, the electrical resistivity was decr◦eased by 4 and 12 fold the U0 sample at 850 C. However, these differences were reduced at 1200 C to 1.5 and 3 fold in compared to the U0 sample at 850 °C. However, these differences were reduced at 1200 °C to 1.5 and comparison with U0 for the U2 and U4 samples, respectively. It can be also seen that when CTP content 3 fold in comparison with U0 for the U2 and U4 samples, respectively. It can be also seen that when in PAN fibres increased from 25% to 50%, a small reduction in electrical resistivity was obtained at CTP◦content in PAN fibres increased from 25% to 50%, a small reduction in electrical resistivity was 850 C, suggesting less incremental gains could be made with higher loading. obtained at 850 °C, suggesting less incremental gains could be made with higher loading. Figure 9. Sheet resistance for samples of U0, U2 and U4 at different carbonisation temperatures. Figure 9. Sheet resistance for samples of U0, U2 and U4 at different carbonisation temperatures. 4. Conclusions 4. Conclusion The high molecular weight CTP with high carbon content was extracted by heat treatment of The high molecular weight CTP with high carbon content was extracted by heat treatment of a a natural coking coal and was used as the precursor materials in the production of low-cost and natural coking coal and was used as the precursor materials in the production of low-cost and sustainable CFs. High loadings of CTP were blended with a PAN solution to produce PAN/CTP sustainable CFs. High loadings of CTP were blended with a PAN solution to produce PAN/CTP composite precursors. The rheological investigations showed that although the addition of 25% and composite precursors. The rheological investigations showed that although the addition of 25% and 50% CTP increased the viscosity of PAN/CTP solutions, the spinnability was unaffected and fibres with 50% CTP increased the viscosity of PAN/CTP solutions, the spinnability was unaffected and fibres diameters of 0.45 μm and 0.72 μm were produced, respectively. DSC analyses revealed that the addition with diameters of 0.45 μm and 0.72 μm were produced, respectively. DSC analyses revealed that the of 25% CTP into PAN fibres significantly increased the heat release during thermal stabilisation and addition of 25% CTP into PAN fibres significantly increased the heat release during thermal decreased the activation energy required for thermal conversion. Moreover, the carbon yield obtained stabilisation and decre◦ased the activation energy required for thermal conversion. Moreover, the byTGAanalysisat600 Cincreasedby25%forPANfibrecontaining25%CTPcomparedtopurePAN carbon yield obtained by TGA analysis at 600 °C increased by 25% for PAN fibre containing 25% CTP fibres. The XRD results showed that the addition of CTP to PAN increases the crystallite size of the compared to pure PAN fibres. The XRD results showed that the addition of CTP to PAN increases fibres. Moreover, a reduction in crystallite size of PAN/50% CTP CFs was obtained while the crystallite the crystallite size of the fibres. Moreover, a reduction in cryst◦allite size of PAN/50% CTP CFs was size of PAN/25% CTP CFs at carbonisation temperature of 1200 C remained constant when compared obtained while the crystallite size of PAN/25% CTP CFs at carbonisation temperature of 1200 °C to pure PAN CFs. These results suggest that the inclusion of 25% CTP in PAN could effectively remained constant when compared to pure PAN CFs. These results suggest that the inclusion of 25% contribute to enhancing the graphitic structure of CFs. Furthermore, Raman analysis demonstrated that CTP in PAN could effectively contribute to enhancing the graphitic structure of CFs. Furthermore, the ratio of defect structure to graphitic structure reaches its lowest value when 25% CTP was blended Raman analysis demonstrated th◦at the ratio of defect structure to graphitic structure reaches its with PAN and carbonised at 1200 C. Finally, the extremely low electrical resistivity of 4.6 kΩ/sq and lowest value when 25% CTP was blended with PAN and carbonised at 12◦00 °C. Finally, the extremely 1.6 kΩ/sq were obtained at a moderate carbonisation temperature of 850 C with addition of 25% and low electrical resistivity of 4.6 kΩ/sq and 1.6 kΩ/sq were obtained at a moderate carbonisation 50% CTP into PAN CFs, respectively. temperature of 850 °C with addition of 25% and 50% CTP into PAN CFs, respectively. Author Contributions: First three authors have contributed equally to this work. Conceptualisation, J.L., T.W. and Author Contributions: First three authors have contributed equally to this work. Conceptualisation, J.L, T.W M.N.; Data curation, O.Z., S.S., S.M.F. and M.A.; Formal analysis, O.Z., S.S., M.F., M.A. and R.S.; Funding and M.N; Data curation, O.Z, S.S, S.M.F and M.A ; Formal analysis, O.Z, S.S, M.F, M.A and R.S; Funding acquisition, M.N.; Investigation, R.S. and M.N.; Methodology, O.Z., S.S., S.M.F., H.A.N., Q.A.T. and R.S.; Resources, aTc.Wqu.iasnitdionM,.MN.N; S;uInpverevstiisgioanti,oRn,.SR.,.SJ.aLn.,dTM.W.N. a;nMdeMth.oNd.o; lWogriyt,inOg.Z–,oSr.Sig,iSn.aMl.dFr,aHft,.AO..NZ,.Qan.Ad.TS.Man.dF.,RS.S.S;.R; eWsoriutirncges–, review and editing, M.N. T.W and M.N; Supervision, R.S, J.L, T.W and M.N; Writing – original draft, O.Z and S.M.F, S.S ; Writing – review and editing, M.N. Funding: This research received no external funding. FAucnkdnionwgl:eTdhgims renstesa:rTchirsercesiveaerdchnoweaxstesrunpaplofurtnedinbgy.the Australian Research Council World Class Future Fibre Industry Transformation Research Hub (IH140100018) and Australian Research Council Training Centre for Light Weight Automotive Structures (ATLAS). The coal preparation and solvent extraction were supported by the Priority Research Centre for Frontier Energy Technologies and Utilisation (PRC-FETU) and Mariah Brown is acknowledged for her help with producing the CTP. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.PDF Image | Low-Cost Carbon Fibre Derived from Sustainable Coal Tar Pitch and Polyacrylonitrile
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