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Introduction High energy density and long cycle life batteries are urgently needed to meet the demand in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and grid-scale stationary storage. Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in powering portable electronics in the past two decades.[1] However, they are approaching their theoretical energy density limits and facing challenges such as limited resources, safety, cost and efficient energy for large-scale applications. Instead, sodium, with high abundance and suitable redox potential (~2.71 V), could be a cost-effective alternative especially for renewable energy applications where weight and energy density are of minor importance. Sulfur, as another abundant element on earth which has high theoretical capacity of 1675 mAh g-1 and high energy density of 2600 Wh kg-1, is becoming one of the most attractive cathode materials to replace traditional transition metal oxide cathodes.[2] It is well known that sodium-sulfur (Na-S) batteries, operating at high temperature conditions (300- 350 °C), have been used for stationary energy storage.[3] This high operating temperature could potentially induce severe issues such as corrosion, high power consumption and explosions (In 2012, a Na-S battery fire occurred at Tsukaba Plant in Japan).[3a] In recent years, much effort has been devoted to developing room-temperature (RT) Na-S batteries for mitigating the safety concerns. However, when using traditional Li+ intercalation electrodes, the large atomic size of Na+ (1.02 vs 0.59 Å) could cause greater change in the host structure resulting in sluggish diffusion and degradation of cycling performance. Moreover, as analogous to Li-S batteries, RT Na-S batteries undergo some critical issues such as low utilization of sulfur active material, poor cycle life and low storage efficiency. These issues are mainly due to intermediate polysulfides dissolution in electrolytes forming “shuttle” phenomenon, volumetric expansion during cycling and the insulating nature of sulfur.[4] 3 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reservedPDF Image | Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanosheets Composites as Cathode in Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
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