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0.5C, 1C, 2C 5C and 0.05C, respectively. The NGNS/S-H25 and NGNS/S-H45 electrodes present better rate capability as compared to pure NGNSH. According to the CV and charge- discharge results above, the discharge process of NGNS/S-H25 and NGNS/S-H45 involve the transition of sulfur to dissolved Na2S8 and Na2S4. Na2S4 is further reduced to Na2S2 and Na2S. It is in good agreement with the work that Manthiram et al. reported where the similar electrochemical reactions can be presented as following:[5j, 14a] S8+2Na+ +2e- → Na2S8 Na2S8+2Na++2e- → 2Na2S4 Na2S4+2Na++2e- → 2Na2S2 Na2S2+2Na++2e- → 2Na2S (~2.20 V) (1) (2.20 – 1.65 V) (2) (~1.65 V) (3) (1.65 – 1.20 V) (4) Next, let’s look into the electrochemical performance for the S loading more than 50%. The CV curves of NGNS/S-H65 are shown in Figure 4e. There is one small reduction peak at 1.99 V and followed by a strong peak at 1.67 V during the cathodic process of the first cycle. The first peak represents the reduction process of S to Na2S4 and Na2S2 and the second peak represents further reduction of Na2S4 and Na2S2 to Na2S. There are no oxidation peak and reduction peaks in the following 2nd and 4th cycles observed. The charge/discharge curves of NGNS/S-H65 are presented in Figure 4f. There is one major plateau at 1.99 V during the discharge process of the 1st cycle, indicating the formation of Na2S4 and Na2S2. There are no plateaus on charge/discharge curves in the following cycles, which is in consistence with the CV curves. The NGNS/S-H65 electrode exhibited worse rate capability than low loading nanocomposite NGNS/S-H25, as shown in Figure 5c. The electrochemical performances of NGNS/S-H86 are presented in Figures 4g and 4h. From the CV profile of NGNS/S-H86 as shown in Figure 4g, there is one strong reduction peak observed at 1.99 V during the cathodic 15 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reservedPDF Image | Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Nanosheets Composites as Cathode in Sodium-Sulfur Batteries
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