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Electrospinning and Electrospraying - Techniques and Applications Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagram for the preparation of ultrathin micro-/mesoporous CNFs by centrifuged- electrospinning followed by carbonization and (b, c, and d) TEM images of ultrathin micro-/mesoporous CNFs [42]. 2.3 Carbon nanofiber composites Recently, preparation of metal oxide-supported carbon nanofiber composites via electrospinning has been extensively studied. The carbon nanocomposites are used in various applications such as energy conversion and storage, capacitive deionization, catalysis, adsorption/separation, and in the field of biomedicine. In order to achieve higher activity, various synthetic routes were developed to achieve porous carbon nanofibers composites with high surface area and tunable pore size distribution. Most of the preparation methods involve carbonization process at elevated temperatures of typically above 1200°C. So far, various metal or metal oxide nanoparticle (Pd, Pt, Ti, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Ru)-supported CNF nano- composites were reported [21, 43]. Atchison et al. [44] prepared metal carbide-supported carbon nanocomposites through carbothermal reduction process. Zirconium carbide/carbon nanocomposite (ZrC/C), titanium carbide/carbon nanocomposite (TiC/C), and niobium carbide/ carbon nanocomposite (NbC/C) were prepared by electrospinning followed by carbothermal reduction at elevated temperatures. Cellulose acetate and PVP were used as precursor. Chen et al. [45] prepared Pd nanoparticle-supported carbon nanofibers (Pd-NP/ CEPFs: Pd-NP/CEPFs) through the electrospinning process. Shortly, electros- pinning solution was prepared by using 10 wt% PAN and 3.3 wt% Pd(OAc)2 in DMF. The electrospinning process was performed in an electric field of 30 kV and the tip-to-collector distance of 30 cm. Then the electrospun PAN/Pd(OAc)2 nano- fiber involved three steps as follows: (1) 210°C annealing for 1 h under air flow for the oxidation of PAN, (2) heating up to 400°C at a rate of 5°C/min and annealing for 2 h in H2 and Ar mixture (H2/Ar = 1/3) atmosphere for the reduction of Pd2+, and (3) heating up to 550°C at a rate of 5°C/min and annealing for 1 h in Ar for the formation of metal nanoparticles on/in the carbonized nanofibers (Figure 7). Zhang et al. [46] obtained AgNP-immobilized carbon nanocomposite by a two-step preparation: electrospinning followed by the hydrothermal growth of the AgNPs on the CNFs (Figure 8). In a typical procedure, the electrospinning solution 6PDF Image | Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers
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