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Electrochem 2021, 2 241 microscale diameters [73–75]. In 1887, C. V. Boys showed that fibers could be produced from a viscoelastic liquid in the presence of an external electric field [76]. In 1902, J. F. Cooley and J. Martin filed patents for a prototype setup for electrospinning [71]. In 1964–1969, Geoffery Taylor reported a mathematical model for the formation of a Taylor cone from a spherical solution droplet under the influence of an external electrical field [77–79]. After the 1990s, various organic polymers were demonstrated to form nanofibers, and, after the 2000s, composites, ceramics, core-shell structures, hollow structures, and various types of nanofibers were produced [80–84]. Currently, Electrochem 2021, 2, FOR PEER REVIEW 6 electrospinning is a versatile method for the facile production of nanofibrous structures with diverse structures and functionalities for a variety of advanced technologies. The morphology, structure, and functionality of the nanofibrous material are determined by the nature of the polymer, solvent, and processing parameters [85,86]. Currently, a nanofibrous material are determined by the nature of the polymer, solvent, and pro- large number of natural and synthetic polymers have been successfully reported for the cessing parameters [85,86]. Currently, a large number of natural and synthetic polymers fabrication of nanofibers by electrospinning [71]. By incorporating active nanomaterials have been successfully reported for the fabrication of nanofibers by electrospinning [71]. or precursors, electrospun nanofibers can be used as advanced functional materials for By incorporating active nanomaterials or precursors, electrospun nanofibers can be used a variety of technologies, such as air filtration, including face masks, water filtration; as advanced functional materials for a variety of technologies, such as air filtration, in- oil-water separation; energy storage and conversion; catalysis; biomedical use; textiles. cluding face masks, water filtration; oil-water separation; energy storage and conversion; The postmodification of nanofibers is essential for obtaining structural and functional catalysis; biomedical use; textiles. The postmodification of nanofibers is essential for ob- variations, as demanded by various technologies. A typical electrospinning setup is taining structural and functional variations, as demanded by various technologies. A typ- illustrated in Figure 2. ical electrospinning setup is illustrated in Figure 2. Fiigurre 2.. SSccheemaattiiccrreprresenttiing tthe siimplle ellectrospinning process. CNF sheets consist of very long nonwoven one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanofibers CNF sheets consist of very long nonwoven one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanofibers that form 2D sheets that can be modified as necessary. The large specific surface area, that form 2D sheets that can be modified as necessary. The large specific surface area, chemical stability, lightweight, good conductivity, easy accessibility, and environmentally chemical stability, lightweight, good conductivity, easy accessibility, and environmentally friendly nature of CNFs are attractive features. In addition, CNFs possess other advantages: friendly nature of CNFs are attractive features. In addition, CNFs possess other ad- (i) CNFs are very economical compared to graphene and carbon nanotubes and can be easily vantages: (i) CNFs are very economical compared to graphene and carbon nanotubes and fabricated on a mass scale. (ii) With proper modifications of the electrospinning technique, can be easily fabricated on a mass scale. (ii) With proper modifications of the electrospin- precursor composition, or position, followed by a postmodification, carbon nanofibers ning technique, precursor composition, or position, followed by a postmodification, car- with extraordinary porosity, a large specific surface area, and diverse functionalities can be bon nanofibers with extraordinary porosity, a large specific surface area, and diverse func- fabricated [87–92]. (iii) CNFs can be directly used as a free-standing electrode without the tionalities can be fabricated [87–92]. (iii) CNFs can be directly used as a free-standing elec- use of a conductive additive, binder, or current collector. The use of binders and additives trode without the use of a conductive additive, binder, or current collector. The use of decreases the effective surface area and conductivity of the electrode, thereby decreasing its binders and additives decreases the effective surface area and conductivity of the elec- performance [93]. ECNF sheets as current collectors instead of heavy metals, such as nickel trode, thereby decreasing its performance [93]. ECNF sheets as current collectors instead foam, significantly reduce the weight of electrodes [94,95]. (iv) CNF sheets offer a light and of heavy metals, such as nickel foam, significantly reduce the weight of electrodes [94,95]. chemically stable 1D nanoskeleton for the growth of various active nanostructures in 3D (iv) CNF sheets offer a light and chemically stable 1D nanoskeleton for the growth of var- patterns without aggregation and can be used as free-standing electrodes [96,97]. (v) CNFs ious active nanostructures in 3D patterns without aggregation and can be used as free- offer a larger specific surface area and conductive network than the same mass of carbon standing electrodes [96,97]. (v) CNFs offer a larger specific surface area and conductive cloth since the fibers in carbon cloth are microscale. (vi) Finally, CNFs can be used as flexible network than the same mass of carbon cloth since the fibers in carbon cloth are microscale. electrodes. Therefore, electrospun carbon nanofiber sheets are very attractive for energy (vi) Finally, CNFs can be used as flexible electrodes. Therefore, electrospun carbon nano- fiber sheets are very attractive for energy storage applications [98,99]. Moreover, the mod- ification of CNFs to obtain an increased capacitance can be done in two ways. First, the electrospinning process is performed by tuning the electrospinning solution parameters and processing parameters. Second, modifications can be done by post-CNF synthesisPDF Image | Review of Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber-Based Negative Electrode Materials
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