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using less volatile or washable core polymers, hollow nanofibers can be obtained [83]. Coaxial electrospinning using poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the core solution and a PAN solution as the shell solution, thereby producing PMMA/PAN core-shell nan- ofibers. Regarding the PMMA/PAN nanofibers after carbonization, a more volatile PMMA portion is removed; therefore, hollow carbon nanofibers are obtained (Figure 3b) Electrochem 2021, 2 243 [88]. Electrospinning PAN/PMMA blends with different ratios produce multiporous nan- ofibers (Figure 3c) [100]. Figure 3. (a) SEM image of a CNF obtained by electrospinning PAN. (b) Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) Figure 3. (a) SEM image of a CNF obtained by electrospinning PAN. (b) Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) image of a hollow carbon nanofiber (HCNF) prepared by the coaxial electrospinning of PAN/PMMA (scale of the inset is image of a hollow carbon nanofiber (HCNF) prepared by the coaxial electrospinning of PAN/PMMA (scale of the inset is 500 nm). (c) FESEM image of a porous carbon nanofiber (PCNF) prepared by electrospinning a PAN/PMMA blend and 500 nm). (c) FESEM image of a porous carbon nanofiber (PCNF) prepared by electrospinning a PAN/PMMA blend and treated at 2800 °C. (d) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of macroporous CNFs obtained by etching silica- treated at 2800 ◦C. (d) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of macroporous CNFs obtained by etching silica- reinforced carbon nanofibers with encapsulated antimony (Sb) nanoparticles (SiO2/Sb@CNF) composite with an aqueous reinforced carbon nanofibers with encapsulated antimony (Sb) nanoparticles (SiO /Sb@CNF) composite with an aqueous hydrogen fluoride (HF) solution. (e) TEM image of an N-doped PCNF prepared2by a metal-organic framework (MOF)- hydrogen fluoride (HF) solution. (e) TEM image of an N-doped PCNF prepared by a metal-organic framework (MOF)-based based approach. (f) FESEM image of a PCNF by electrospinning a poly(acrylonitrile-block-methyl methacrylate) polymer. a(gp)prSoEaMch.im(f)aFgEeSoEfMa timripalgee-doofpaePdCBN-FNb-Fysepleocntrgoes-plikneniPnCgNaFp.o(lhy()aTcrEyMlonimitrailgee-bolofcakn-mNe-tdhoyplemdetnheacckrlyalcaet-el)ikpeolHymCNerF. .(g()a)SERMe- printed with permission [101], Copyright Elsevier 2019. (b) Reprinted with permission [88], Copyright American Chemical image of a triple-doped B-N-F sponge-like PCNF. (h) TEM image of an N-doped necklace-like HCNF. (a) Reprinted with Society 2020. (c) Reprinted with permission [100], Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH. (d) Reprinted with permission [102], Cop- permission [101], Copyright Elsevier 2019. (b) Reprinted with permission [88], Copyright American Chemical Society 2020. yright American Chemical Society 2018. (e) Reprinted with permission [44], Copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry (c) Reprinted with permission [100], Copyright 2007, Wiley-VCH. (d) Reprinted with permission [102], Copyright American Chemical Society 2018. (e) Reprinted with permission [44], Copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017. (f) Reprinted with permission [91], Copyright Science Advances 2019 (g) Reprinted with permission [103], Copyright Springer Nature 2019. (h) Reprinted with permission [104], Copyright The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019. A new strategy for the fabrication of highly porous nanofibers is the use of MOFs. MOFs, such as zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8, ZIF-67), can be directly developed in nanofibers during electrospinning or at later stages. MOFs are interesting new nano- materials because of their unique and controllable features, such as their high porosity, large specific surface area, and variability in regard to metal ions and organic linkers; thus, they are attractive for a wide range of applications [105–109]. Chen et al. fabricated ZIF-8- mediated highly porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (Figure 3e) [44] that showed capacitances up to 307.2 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1; additionally, this material retained a capacitance of 193.3 F g−1 at 50 A g−1 [44]. This high-value achievement was attributed to the superior Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of the ZIF-8-induced porous ECNFs. The BET surface area was observed to be almost 50 times that of pure ECNFs. Therefore, compared to conventional materials, MOF-based nanomaterials usually exhibit a controllable porous architecture and pore volume along with an extraordinar- ily large surface area [108,110–114]. Furthermore, no additional template is required for promoting porosity. Heteroatom doping, which enhances the electronic properties of a material, needs additional chemicals and processes that may be complicated and hazardous. In the case of MOF-derived materials, the heteroatoms present in organic ligands, such as 2-methylimidazole, are directly doped and do not require additional chemicals or steps. Another benefit of carbon nanofibers is their use as one of the constituents of nanocom- posites or simply as light and conductive substrates for the growth of active materials. Different nanocarbons, such as graphene and CNTs, as well as many metal compounds, such as hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphides, in a number of shapes and sizes, have been engineered on CNFs to produce a variety of architectures. Qie et al. developed graphene-reinforced ECNFs that exhibited a specific capacitance of 183 F g−1, approx-PDF Image | Review of Electrospun Carbon Nanofiber-Based Negative Electrode Materials
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