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SUMMARYOFTHEINVENTION Thepresentinventionprovidesaprocessforproducinga nanographeneplatelet(NGP)material.Theprocesscom prises:(i)SubjectingagraphiticmaterialtoaSupercritical fluidatafirsttemperatureandafirstpressureforafirstperiod oftimeinapressureveselandthen(i)rapidlydepressuriz ingthefluid(preferablybydischargingpartofthefluidoutof thevesel)atafluidreleaseratesuficientforefectingexfo liationofthegraphiticmaterialtoobtainthedesiredNGP material. Apreferedstepcomprisesimmersingthegraphiticmate rialtoaSupercriticalfluid,suchascarbondioxide(e.g.,at temperatureT-31°C.andpressureP-7.4MPa)andwater (e.g.,atT>374°C.andPd22.1MPa),foraperiodoftime Suficientforinter-graphenelayerpenetration(tentativeinter calation).Thisstepisthenfollowedbyasuddendepressur izationtoexfoliateindividualgraphenelayers.Othersuitable Supercriticalfluidsincludemethane,ethane,ethylene,hydro genperoxide(H2O),OZone,wateroxidation(watercontain ingahighconcentrationofdissolvedoxygen),Sulfonicgroup (SO),oramixturethereof.Ifdesirable,asupercriticalfluid cancomprisethereinaSurfactant(ordispersingagent),a coatingagent(e.g.,amonomer,curingagent,orresin),and/or areactivespecies(e.g.,OZone,oxygen,acidvapor,SOs,etc). 10,2266-2269(198). 26.Du,X.S.,Xiao,M.,Meng,Y.Z.& Hay,A.S.Direct synthesis of poly(arylene disulfide)/carbon nano-sheet compositesviatheoxidationwithgraphiteoxide.Carbon 43,195-213(205). 27.Matsuo,Y.,Tahara,K.& Sugie,Y.Synthesisofpoly (ethyleneoxide)-intercalatedgraphiteoxide.Carbon34, 672-674(196). 28.Kotov,N.A.,Dekany,I.&Fendler,J.H.Ultrathingraph iteoxide-polyelectrolytecompositespreparedbyself-as sembly:transitionbetweenconductiveandnon-conductive states.Adv.Mater.8,637-641(196). 29.Matsuo,Y.,Tahara,K.& Sugie,Y.Structureandthermal propertiesofpoly(ethyleneoxide)-intercalatedgraphite oxide.Carbon35(1),113-120(197). 30.Kovtyukhova,N.I.etal.Layer-by-layerassemblyof ultrathin composite films from micron-sized graphite oxideshetsandpolycations.Chem.Mater:1,771-778 (19). 31.Szabo,T.,Szeri,A.& Dekany,I.Compositegraphitic nanolayerspreparedbyself-assemblybetweenfinelydis persedgraphiteoxideandacationicpolymer.Carbon43, 87-94(205). 10 15 25 32.Stankovich,S.Stableaqueousdispersionsofgraphitic30 nanoplateletsviathereductionofexfoliatedgraphiteoxide inthepresenceofpoly(sodium4-styrenesulfonate).J. Mater.Chem.16,155-158(206). 3.Stankovich,S.Piner,R.D.,Nguyen,S.T.andRuoff,R. S. Synthesis and exfoliation of isocyanate-treated35 grapheneoxidenanoplatelets.Carbon4,3342-3347 (206). 34.Li,D.,Muller,M.C.,Gilje,S.,Kaner,R.B.&Wallace,G. Processableaqueousdispersionsofgraphenenanosheets. NatureNanotechnology3,101-105(208). 35.Y.SiandE.T.Samulski,“SynthesisofWaterSoluble Graphene.”NanoLeters,8(6)(2008)1679-1682. 36.Mazurkiewicz,M.Graphiteplateletnanostructures.U.S. patentaplicationSer.No.09/951,532.:Pub.No.US2002/ 0054995(PublishedonMay9,2002). 37.Shioyama,H.Cleavageofgraphitetographene.J.Mater. Sci.Let.20,499-500(2001). 38.Mack,J.J.etal.Chemicalmanufactureofnanostructured materials.U.S.Pat.No.6,872,330(Mar.29,2005). 39.Viculis,L.M.,Mack,J.J.,&Kaner,R.B.Achemical50 routetocarbonnanoscrols.Science,299,1361(203). 40.Berger,C.,etal.Ultrathinepitaxialgraphite:two-dimen sionalelectrongaspropertiesandaroutetowardgraphene basednanoelectronics.J.Phys.Chem.B108,19912-19916 (204). 41.Udy,J.D.Methodofcontinuous,monoatomicthickstruc tures.U.S.patentaplicationSer.No.11/243.285(Oct.4, 2005);PubNo.2006/0269740(Nov.30,2006). 55 42.Roy,H.V.Kalinger,C.,Marsen,B.&Satler,K. Manipulationofgraphiticshetsusingatunnelingmicro60 scope.J.Appl.Physics83,(9)4695-4699(198). 43.Lu,X.K.,Yu,M.F.,Huang,H.,&Ruof,R.S.Tailoring graphitewiththegoalofachievingsingleshets.Nano technology10,269-272(19). 44.X.Yang,X.Dou,A.Rouhanipour,L.Zhi,H.J.Raider,and65 K.Mullen,“Tow-dimensionalGrapheneNano-ribbons.J. Am.Chem.Soc.130(2008)4216-17. US 8,696,938B2 40 45 cationSer.No.11/249,404(Oct.14,2005);PubNo.USPDF Image | SCO2 Producing Nanographine Platelets
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