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Figure 2.9: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ruthenium 3d orbital binding energy region of a highly conformal, 83 nm thick ruthenium film deposited by SFD. Reaction conditions: 260 °C, 172 bar, 0.09 wt. % Ru(tmhd)2cod, 0.3 wt. % hydrogen, 3 minute heating. Resistivity measurements are consistent with high film purity. Sheet resistance is calculated from film resistivity and thickness measurements and is determined to be approximately 20 μΩ-cm. While the measured resistance is greater than that of bulk Ru (7.6 μΩ -cm), this is expected due to the thin nature of the film and grain boundary effects. Had significant levels of carbon contamination been present, sheet resistance values would be expected to be much higher. A cross sectional field emission scanning electron microscopy, FESEM, is shown in Figure 2.10 (top down) and Figure 2.11 (cross section). Figure 2.12 is a height image from atomic force microscopy, AFM, analysis. The SEM image indicates that continuous ruthenium films are deposited on the planar silicon substrates, while AFM data indicates 31PDF Image | Supercritical Fluid Deposition Of Thin Metal Films
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