Supercritical Fluid Deposition Of Thin Metal Films

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Supercritical Fluid Deposition Of Thin Metal Films ( supercritical-fluid-deposition-of-thin-metal-films )

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CHAPTER 5 PLASMA ENHANCED RAPID EXPANSION OF SUPERCRITICAL SOLUTIONS 5.1 Introduction Titanium dioxide, TiO2 or titania, is an area of great interest due to its physiochemical properties and an increased demand for devices with enhanced properties and environmental friendliness. Currently, TiO2 is the material of choice for environmental applications, such as air purifiers,1 gas sensors,2-4 water treatment5, 6 and self cleaning and energy efficient windows7 due to its photocatalytic properties, stability and low cost. It is also of interest in photoluminescent materials.8, 9 Additionally, it has gained much attention in the areas of dye sensitized solar cells10-14 because it provides a cost effective alternative to solar cells. Because TiO2 has many favorable properties that are of particular interest in solar energy harvesting, it is desirable to find methods of creating high surface area coatings using both time and energy efficient methods to create durable and high efficiency solar cells.15 5.1.1 Motivation The world consumption of energy per year is roughly 15 TW (1.5 x 1013 W). This number is rising each year with no foreseeable upper limit and no means of satisfying needs once natural reserves, such as coal, oil, natural gases, etc, are used. However, a potential solution has been identified. The average energy received by the Earth’s surface from the sun is about 1.2 x 1017 W of solar power.16 To put this in perspective, in less than one hour of time the Earth is supplied with more energy than is needed to meet all of the human population energy demands for an entire year. It is this energy that has 136

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