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13 14 US 10,991,944B2 bismuth,manganese,andcadmium,andtheirmixturesor dimethylcarbonate,methylethylcarbonate,diethylcarbon composites,andlithiatedversionsthereof. ate,propylenecarbonate,vinylenecarbonate,alylethyl Insomeembodiments,theactivematerialsoftheanodes carbonate,andmixturesthereof.Morepreferably,thecar maybesaltsandhydroxidesofselenidesandlithiated bonateelectrolyteisselectedfromethylenecarbonate, versionsthereof,orcarbonorgraphitematerialsandpre- 5 diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate and mixtures lithiatedversionsthereof;andcombinationsthereof. thereof. Preferably,theanodeinthesulfurcelsmayincludean Generaly,theanodesemployedinthesulfurbateryisan activematerialselectedfromlithium,sodium,potasium, ionreservoirincludinganactivematerialselectedfrom magnesium,calcium,zinc,coper,titanium,nickel,cobalt, alkalimetals,alkalineearthmetals,transitionmetals,graph iron,oraluminum.Preferably,thecelisalithium-sulfur10ite,aloys,andcomposites.Insomeembodiments,theanode cel,asodium-sulfurcel,apotasium-sulfurcel,amagne- includesanactivematerialselectedfromlithium,sodium, sium-sulfurcel,andacalcium-sulfurcel,andevenmore potassium,magnesium,zinc,coper,titanium,nickel, preferably,thecelisselectedfromalithium-sulfurcel, cobalt,iron,calcium,oraluminum.Preferably,thebateryis sodium-sulfurcel,andapotasium-sulfurcel. alithium-sulfurbatery,asodium-sulfurbatery,amagne The Cells 15sium-sulfurbatery,apotasium-sulfurbateryandacal Thesulfurcelsofthepresentinventionincludethe cium-sulfurbatery,andevenmorepreferably,thebateryis cathodesofthepresentinventionincombinationwithan selectedfromalithium-sulfurbatery,sodium-sulfurbatery, anode. andapotasium-sulfurbatery. Thecelsofthepresentinventionmayexhibitasingle Thebateriesofthepresentinventionexhibitasingle plateaudischargecurvewithadischargecapacityoffrom20plateaudischargecurvewithadischargecapacityoffrom 300mAh/gtoabout170mAh/g,orfromabout40mAh/g 30mAh/gtoabout170mAh/g,orfromabout400mAh/g toabout1300mAh/g,orfromabout600mAh/gtoabout toabout1300mAh/g,orfromabout600mAh/gtoabout 10mAh/g,orfromabout750mAh/gto90mAh/g,or 10mAh/g,orfromabout750mAh/gto90mAh/g,or 800mAh/gafter1000cyclesataC/2rate,albasedona 800mAh/gafter1000cyclesataC/2rate,albasedona totalweightofthesulfurinthecathode. 25totalweightofthesulfurinthecathode. Thecelsofthepresentinventionmayalsoexhibita Thebateriesofthepresentinventionmayalsoexhibita singleplateaudischargecurvewithadischargecapacityof singleplateaudischargecurvewithadischargecapacityof fromabout300mAh/gtoabout3000mAh/g,orfromabout fromabout300mAh/gtoabout3000mAh/g,orfromabout 40toabout250mAh/gafterafirstcycleataC/10rate, 40toabout250mAh/gafterafirstcycleataC/10rate, albasedonatotalweightofthesulfurinthecathode. 30albasedonatotalweightofthesulfurinthecathode. Thecelsofthepresentinventionalsohaveadischarge Thebateriesofthepresentinventionalsohaveadis capacityoffromabout10mAh/gtoabout150mAh/g,or chargecapacityoffromabout10mAh/gtoabout150 fromabout400mAh/gtoabout1200mAh/g,orfromabout mAh/g,orfromabout400mAh/g about1200mAh/g,or 600mAh/gtoabout900mAh/g,orfromabout650mAh/g fromabout600mAh/gtoabout900mAh/g,orfromabout to750mAh/ g,after130cyclesat C/2rate,albasedon35650mAh/gto750mAh/g,after130cyclesataC/2rate,al atotalweightofthesulfurinthecathode. basedonatotalweightofthesulfurinthecathode. Thecelmayalsoincludeanelectrolyte.Suitableelec- Thebateriesofthepresentinventionhavetheadvantage trolytesforuseinthecelofthepresentinventionare thattheyarecapableofoperatingbelow250°C.,more carbonateelectrolytesandetherelectrolytes.Preferably,the preferably,below150°C.,orbelow10°C.orbelow50° electrolytesarecarbonateelectrolytesandthecarbonate40C.orbelow25°C. electrolytesmaybeselectedethylenecarbonate,dimethyl- Preferably,thebateryisarechargeablebatery.The carbonate,methylethylcarbonate,diethylcarbonate,propyl- baterydescribedhereinmayoptionalyincludeoneorboth enecarbonate,vinylenecarbonate,alylethylcarbonate,and ofacurentcolectorandacathodecurentcolector. mixturesthereof.Morepreferably,thecarbonateelectrolyte Thebateryofthepresentinventionmayfurtherinclude isselectedfromethylenecarbonate,diethylcarbonate,pro-45aseparator,suchasaporousseparator,providedbetwenan pylenecarbonateandmixturesthereof. anodicsectionandacathodicsectionofthebatery.Pref Generaly,theanodesemployedinthesulfurcelisanion erably,theporousseparatorisaporousmaterial,suchasa reservoirincludinganactivematerialselectedfromalkali polypropylenemembrane,coton,nylon,polyesters,glas metals,alkalineearthmetals,transitionmetals,graphite, fiber,polyethylene,poly(tetrafluoroethylene),polyvinyl aloys,andcomposites.Insomeembodiments,theanodehas50chloride,anodicaluminumoxide(AAO),andruber. anactivematerialselectedfromlithium,sodium,potasium, Thebateriesofthepresentinventionmaybeusedin magnesium,zinc,coper,titanium,nickel,cobalt,iron, downstreamproducts,suchaselectronicdevices,for calcium,oraluminum.Preferably,thebateryisalithium- example,vehicles,laptopcomputers,notebokpersonal sulfurcel,asodium-sulfurcel,amagnesium-sulfurcel,a computers,tabletcomputer,mobilephones(forexample, potasium-sulfurcelandacalcium-sulfurcel,andeven5smartphonesandthelike),personaldigitalasistants morepreferably,thebateryisselectedfromalithium-sulfur (PDA),displaydevices(LCD,ELdisplay,electronicpaper, cel,sodium-sulfurcel,andapotasium-sulfurcel. andthelike),imagingdevices(forexample,digitalstil Thecelispreferablyarechargeablecel.Thecelmay camera,digitalvideocamera,andthelike,audiodevices(for optionalyincludeoneorbothofacurentcolectoranda examples,portableaudioplayer),agamemachine,acord cathodecurrentcollector. Bateries radio,headphones,anavigationsystem,amemorycard,a 60leshandset,anelectronicbok,anelectronicdictionary,a Thesulfurbateryofthepresentinventionincludesa pacemaker,ahearingaid,anelectrictol,anelectricshaver, pluralityofthesulfurcelsacordingtothepresentinven- arefrigerator,anairconditioner,atelevision,astereo,a presentinventionarecarbonateelectrolytes.Preferably,the arobot,aroadconditioner,atraficlight,andthelike,butare carbonateelectrolyteisselectedfromethylenecarbonate, notlimitedthereto. tion. Suitableelectrolytestobeusedinthebateryofthe65machine,adryer,alightingdevice,atoy,amedicaldevice, waterheater,amicrowaveoven,adishwasher,awashingPDF Image | SYNTHESIS OF GAMMA MONOCLINIC SULFUR
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