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Solid Sulfur Allotropes 77 172. (a) J. Buttet, Helv. Phys. Acta 1969, 42, 63. (b) A. Chatelain, Helv. Phys. Acta 1969, 42, 117. (c) A. Chatelain, J. Buttet , in: Elemental Sulfur (B. Meyer, ed.), Interscience, New York, 1965, p. 209. (d) A. Chatelain, J. Buttet, Helv. Phys. Acta 1964, 37, 77. 173. S. R. Elliott, J. Phys. (Paris) 1981, 42, C4–387. 174. (a) W. E. Spear, A. R. Adams, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1966, 27, 281. (b) B. E. Cook, W. E. Spear, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1969, 30, 1125. (c) S. Oda, M. A. Kastner, E. Wasserman, Phil. Mag. B 1984, 50, 373. 175. (a) L. Torrisi, S. Coffa, G. Foti, G. Strazzula, D. Fink, Radiation Effects 1986, 99, 293. (b) G. Strazzula, L. Torrisi, S. Coffa, G. Foti, Icarus 1987, 70, 379. 176. J. S. Kargel, P. Delmelle, D. B. Nash, Icarus 1999, 142, 249. 177. (a) V. V. Struzhkin, R. J. Hemley, H.-K. Mao, Y. A. Timofeev, Nature 1997, 390, 382; (b) R. J. Hemley, H.-K. Mao, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 1998, 10, 11157. 178. (a) S. Kometani, M. I. Eremets, K. Shimizu, M. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 1997, 66, 2564. (b) K. Amaya, K. Shimizu, M. I. Eremets, T. C. Kobayashi, S. Endo, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 1998, 10, 11179. 179. E. Gregoryanz, V. V. Struzhkin, R. J. Hemley, M. I. Eremets, H.-K. Mao, Y. A. Timofeev, Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, 064504. 180. In a DAC, high pressure is achieved by two opposed diamonds which transform the acting force of the device onto a relatively small volume In general, the sample volume is enclosed by a thin metal plate (~100 m thickness, ~200 m central hole) serving as a gasket. In the case of sulfur, an additional pressure transmitting medium (e.g., a no- ble gas) provides for hydrostatic conditions. Very often, the sulfur sample itself is used as a pressure transmitting medium, too, because of its softness. However, this prepara- tion technique may give rise to considerable pressure gradients through the sample volume. The determination of pressure makes use of well calibrated pressure standards such as the pressure dependence of the ruby fluorescence (optical studies) or the equa- tion of states of metals or salts like Au or NaCl (X-ray diffraction studies). The role of the diamonds is not only to serve as an anvil (due to its hardness) but also to serve as an optical window with a wide range of spectral transparency and, in combination with the gasket material, as a sealing of the sample volume against leakage. 181. M. I. Eremets, High pressure experimental methods, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1996, and literature cited in the preface. 182. R. J. Hemley, H.-K. Mao, R. E. Cohen, in: Ultrahigh Pressure Mineralogy Physics and Chemistry of the Earths Deep Interior R. J. Hemley (ed.), Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 37. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington ,1998. 183. K. Briester, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1997, 68, 1629. 184. J. F. Cannon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1974, 3, 781. 185. C. W. F. T. Pistorius, in: Progress in Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 11, (O. McCaldin, G. Somorjai eds.), Pergamon, London, 1976. 186. L.-G. Liu, W. A. Bassett, Elements, Oxides and Silicates—High Pressure Phases with Im- plications to the Earths interior, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986. 187. D. A. Young, Phase diagrams of the elements, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1991. 188. (a) E. Y. Tonkov, High pressure phase transformations. A handbook, Vol. 2, Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia,1992; (b) E. Y. Tonkov, High pressure transformations. A hand- book, Vol. 3, Gordon and Breach, Philadelphia, 1996. 189. D. A. Boness, J. M. Brown, J. Geophys. Res. 1990, 95, 21721. 190. O. Zakharov, M. L. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 1995, 52, 12572. 191. (a) A. Nishikawa, K. Niizeki, K. Shindo, K. Ohno, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1995, 56, 551; (b) A. Nishikawa, K. Niizeki, K. Shindo, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 1999, 211, 373. 192. (a) S. P. Rudin, A. Y. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83, 3049. (b) J. K. Freericks, S. P. Rudin, A. Y. Liu, Physica B 2000, 284. (c) S. P. Rudin, A. Y. Liu, K. Freericks, A. Quandt, Phys. Rev. B 2001, 63, 224107. 193. T. Yamada, K. Kani, K. Mori, in: Proceedings of the 22nd Japan Congress of Materials Research, Kyoto, 1978, p. 331.PDF Image | Topics in Current Chemistry
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